Skip to content

T1082 System Information Discovery

An adversary may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, hotfixes, service packs, and architecture. Adversaries may use this information to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. This behavior is distinct from Local Storage Discovery which is an adversary’s discovery of local drive, disks and/or volumes.

Tools such as Systeminfo can be used to gather detailed system information. If running with privileged access, a breakdown of system data can be gathered through the systemsetup configuration tool on macOS. Adversaries may leverage a Network Device CLI on network devices to gather detailed system information (e.g. show version).8 On ESXi servers, threat actors may gather system information from various esxcli utilities, such as system hostname get and system version get.43

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud providers such as AWS, GCP, and Azure allow access to instance and virtual machine information via APIs. Successful authenticated API calls can return data such as the operating system platform and status of a particular instance or the model view of a virtual machine.125

System Information Discovery combined with information gathered from other forms of discovery and reconnaissance can drive payload development and concealment.76

Item Value
ID T1082
Sub-techniques
Tactics TA0007
Platforms ESXi, IaaS, Linux, Network Devices, Windows, macOS
Version 3.0
Created 31 May 2017
Last Modified 24 October 2025

Procedure Examples

ID Name Description
S0065 4H RAT 4H RAT sends an OS version identifier in its beacons.110
S1167 AcidPour AcidPour can identify various system locations and mapped devices on Linux systems as a precursor to wiping activity.252
S1028 Action RAT Action RAT has the ability to collect the hostname, OS version, and OS architecture of an infected host.281
G0018 admin@338 admin@338 actors used the following commands after exploiting a machine with LOWBALL malware to obtain information about the OS: ver >> %temp%\download systeminfo >> %temp%\download378
S0045 ADVSTORESHELL ADVSTORESHELL can run Systeminfo to gather information about the victim.4950
S0331 Agent Tesla Agent Tesla can collect the system’s computer name and also has the capability to collect information on the processor, memory, OS, and video card from the system.317318319
S1129 Akira Akira uses the GetSystemInfo Windows function to determine the number of processors on a victim machine.57
S1025 Amadey Amadey has collected the computer name and OS version from a compromised machine.249296
S0504 Anchor Anchor can determine the hostname and linux version on a compromised host.105
S0584 AppleJeus AppleJeus has collected the victim host information after infection.216
S0622 AppleSeed AppleSeed can identify the OS version of a targeted system.230
G0026 APT18 APT18 can collect system information from the victim’s machine.480
G0073 APT19 APT19 collected system architecture information. APT19 used an HTTP malware variant and a Port 22 malware variant to gather the hostname and CPU information from the victim’s machine.478479
G0022 APT3 APT3 has a tool that can obtain information about the local system.223468
G0050 APT32 APT32 has collected the OS version and computer name from victims. One of the group’s backdoors can also query the Windows Registry to gather system information, and another macOS backdoor performs a fingerprint of the machine on its first connection to the C&C server. APT32 executed shellcode to identify the name of the infected host.437438439440
G0067 APT37 APT37 collects the computer name, the BIOS model, and execution path.436
G0082 APT38 APT38 has attempted to get detailed information about a compromised host, including the operating system, version, patches, hotfixes, and service packs.454
G0096 APT41 APT41 uses multiple built-in commands such as systeminfo and net config Workstation to enumerate victim system basic configuration information.423
G1044 APT42 APT42 has used malware, such as GHAMBAR and POWERPOST, to collect system information.477
G0143 Aquatic Panda Aquatic Panda has used native OS commands to understand privilege levels and system details.483
C0046 ArcaneDoor ArcaneDoor included collection of victim device configuration information.506
S0456 Aria-body Aria-body has the ability to identify the hostname, computer name, Windows version, processor speed, and machine GUID on a compromised host.187
S0373 Astaroth Astaroth collects the machine name and keyboard language from the system. 113114
S1029 AuTo Stealer AuTo Stealer has the ability to collect the hostname and OS information from an infected host.281
S0473 Avenger Avenger has the ability to identify the OS architecture on a compromised host.406
S0344 Azorult Azorult can collect the machine information, system architecture, the OS version, computer name, Windows product name, the number of CPU cores, video card information, and the system language.373374
S0414 BabyShark BabyShark has executed the ver command.273
S0475 BackConfig BackConfig has the ability to gather the victim’s computer name.253
S0093 Backdoor.Oldrea Backdoor.Oldrea collects information about the OS and computer name.395396
S0031 BACKSPACE During its initial execution, BACKSPACE extracts operating system information from the infected host.81
S0245 BADCALL BADCALL collects the computer name and host name on the compromised system.259
S0642 BADFLICK BADFLICK has captured victim computer name, memory space, and CPU details.197
S1081 BADHATCH BADHATCH can obtain current system information from a compromised machine such as the SHELL PID, PSVERSION, HOSTNAME, LOGONSERVER, LASTBOOTUP, OS type/version, bitness, and hostname.117118
S0337 BadPatch BadPatch collects the OS system, OS version, MAC address, and the computer name from the victim’s machine.162
S0239 Bankshot Bankshot gathers system information, network addresses, and the operation system version.166167
S0534 Bazar Bazar can fingerprint architecture, computer name, and OS version on the compromised host. Bazar can also check if the Russian language is installed on the infected machine and terminate if it is found.403404
S1246 BeaverTail BeaverTail has been known to collect basic system information.2730 BeaverTail has also collected data to include hostname and current timestamp prior to uploading data to the API endpoint /uploads on the C2 server.29
S0017 BISCUIT BISCUIT has a command to collect the processor type, operation system, computer name, and whether the system is a laptop or PC.205
S0268 Bisonal Bisonal has used commands and API calls to gather system information.339341340
S1070 Black Basta Black Basta can collect system boot configuration and CPU information.6059
G1043 BlackByte BlackByte used various system commands and tools to pull system information during operations.417416415
S1180 BlackByte Ransomware BlackByte Ransomware gathers victim system information to generate a unique victim identifier.243
S1068 BlackCat BlackCat can obtain the computer name and UUID.134
S0089 BlackEnergy BlackEnergy has used Systeminfo to gather the OS version, as well as information on the system configuration, BIOS, the motherboard, and the processor.390391
S0520 BLINDINGCAN BLINDINGCAN has collected from a victim machine the system name, processor information, and OS version.68
G0108 Blue Mockingbird Blue Mockingbird has collected hardware details for the victim’s system, including CPU and memory information.424
S0657 BLUELIGHT BLUELIGHT has collected the computer name and OS version from victim machines.97
S1184 BOLDMOVE BOLDMOVE performs system survey actions following initial execution.329
S0486 Bonadan Bonadan has discovered the OS version, CPU model, and RAM size of the system it has been installed on.127
S0635 BoomBox BoomBox can enumerate the hostname, domain, and IP of a compromised host.44
S0252 Brave Prince Brave Prince collects hard drive content and system configuration information.62
S0043 BUBBLEWRAP BUBBLEWRAP collects system information, including the operating system version and hostname.378
S1039 Bumblebee Bumblebee can enumerate the OS version and domain on a targeted system.414039
S0482 Bundlore Bundlore will enumerate the macOS version to determine which follow-on behaviors to execute using /usr/bin/sw_vers -productVersion.736
S0693 CaddyWiper CaddyWiper can use DsRoleGetPrimaryDomainInformation to determine the role of the infected machine. CaddyWiper can also halt execution if the compromised host is identified as a domain controller.207208
S0454 Cadelspy Cadelspy has the ability to discover information about the compromised host.358
S0351 Cannon Cannon can gather system information from the victim’s machine such as the OS version, and machine name.192193
S0484 Carberp Carberp has collected the operating system version from the infected system.365
S0348 Cardinal RAT Cardinal RAT can collect the hostname, Microsoft Windows version, and processor architecture from a victim machine.331
S0462 CARROTBAT CARROTBAT has the ability to determine the operating system of the compromised host and whether Windows is being run with x86 or x64 architecture.5237
S0572 Caterpillar WebShell Caterpillar WebShell has a module to gather information from the compromised asset, including the computer version, computer name, IIS version, and more.320
S0631 Chaes Chaes has collected system information, including the machine name and OS version.385
S0674 CharmPower CharmPower can enumerate the OS version and computer name on a targeted system.45
S0144 ChChes ChChes collects the victim hostname, window resolution, and Microsoft Windows version.293294
S0667 Chrommme Chrommme has the ability to obtain the computer name of a compromised host.163
S0660 Clambling Clambling can discover the hostname, computer name, and Windows version of a targeted machine.267268
S0106 cmd cmd can be used to find information about the operating system.15
S0244 Comnie Comnie collects the hostname of the victim machine.316
G1052 Contagious Interview Contagious Interview has configured malicious webpages to identify the victim’s operating system by reviewing the details of the victims User-Agent of their browser.476
S0137 CORESHELL CORESHELL collects hostname and OS version data from the victim and sends the information to its C2 server.164
S1155 Covenant Covenant implants can gather basic information on infected systems.14
S0046 CozyCar A system info module in CozyCar gathers information on the victim host’s configuration.80
S0115 Crimson Crimson contains a command to collect the victim PC name and operating system.153152154
S1153 Cuckoo Stealer Cuckoo Stealer can gather information about the OS version and hardware on compromised hosts.386387
G1012 CURIUM CURIUM deploys information gathering tools focused on capturing IP configuration, running application, system information, and network connectivity information.450
C0029 Cutting Edge During Cutting Edge, threat actors used the ENUM4LINUX Perl script for discovery on Windows and Samba hosts.505
S0687 Cyclops Blink Cyclops Blink has the ability to query device information.128
G1034 Daggerfly Daggerfly utilizes victim machine operating system information to create custom User Agent strings for subsequent command and control communication.369
S0334 DarkComet DarkComet can collect the computer name, RAM used, and operating system version from the victim’s machine.195196
S1111 DarkGate DarkGate will gather various system information such as domain, display adapter description, operating system type and version, processor type, and RAM amount.2425
G0012 Darkhotel Darkhotel has collected the hostname, OS version, service pack version, and the processor architecture from the victim’s machine.425426
S1066 DarkTortilla DarkTortilla can obtain system information by querying the Win32_ComputerSystem, Win32_BIOS, Win32_MotherboardDevice, Win32_PnPEntity, and Win32_DiskDrive WMI objects.142
S0673 DarkWatchman DarkWatchman can collect the OS version, system architecture, and computer name.382
S1052 DEADEYE DEADEYE can enumerate a victim computer’s volume serial number and host name.19
S0354 Denis Denis collects OS information and the computer name from the victim’s machine.111112
S0021 Derusbi Derusbi gathers the name of the local host, version of GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), and the system information about the CPU, machine, and operating system.180
S0659 Diavol Diavol can collect the computer name and OS version from the system.338
S0186 DownPaper DownPaper collects the victim host name and serial number, and then sends the information to the C2 server.133
S0384 Dridex Dridex has collected the computer name and OS architecture information from the system.287
S0547 DropBook DropBook has checked for the presence of Arabic language in the infected machine’s settings.35
S0105 dsquery dsquery has the ability to enumerate various information, such as the operating system and host name, for systems within a domain.19
S0567 Dtrack Dtrack can collect the victim’s computer name, hostname and adapter information to create a unique identifier.9495
S1159 DUSTTRAP DUSTTRAP reads the value of the infected system’s HKLM\SYSTEM\Microsoft\Cryptography\MachineGUID value.361
S0062 DustySky DustySky extracts basic information about the operating system.324
S0024 Dyre Dyre has the ability to identify the computer name, OS version, and hardware configuration on a compromised host.327
S0554 Egregor Egregor can perform a language check of the infected system and can query the CPU information (cupid).393394
S0081 Elise Elise executes systeminfo after initial communication is made to the remote server.75
S0082 Emissary Emissary has the capability to execute ver and systeminfo commands.147
S0363 Empire Empire can enumerate host system information like OS, architecture, domain name, applied patches, and more.1110
S0634 EnvyScout EnvyScout can determine whether the ISO payload was received by a Windows or iOS device.44
S0091 Epic Epic collects the OS version, hardware information, computer name, available system memory status, and system and user language settings.200
S0568 EVILNUM EVILNUM can obtain the computer name from the victim’s system.137
S0569 Explosive Explosive has collected the computer name from the infected host.325
S0181 FALLCHILL FALLCHILL can collect operating system (OS) version information, processor information, and system name from the victim.181
S0512 FatDuke FatDuke can collect the user name, Windows version, computer name, and available space on discs from a compromised host.74
S0171 Felismus Felismus collects the system information, including hostname and OS version, and sends it to the C2 server.291
S0267 FELIXROOT FELIXROOT collects the victim’s computer name, processor architecture, OS version, and system type.150149
S0679 Ferocious Ferocious can use GET.WORKSPACE in Microsoft Excel to determine the OS version of the compromised host.332
G1016 FIN13 FIN13 has collected local host information by utilizing Windows commands systeminfo, fsutil, and fsinfo. FIN13 has also utilized a compromised Symantex Altiris console and LanDesk account to retrieve host information.429428
G0046 FIN7 FIN7 has used csvde.exe, which is a built-in Windows command line tool, to export system information. Additionally, WsTaskLoad has gathered system information, such as operating system and hostname.456
G0061 FIN8 FIN8 has used PowerShell Scripts to check the architecture of a compromised machine before the selection of a 32-bit or 64-bit version of a malicious .NET loader.481
S0355 Final1stspy Final1stspy obtains victim Microsoft Windows version information and CPU architecture.248
S0182 FinFisher FinFisher checks if the victim OS is 32 or 64-bit.367366
S0381 FlawedAmmyy FlawedAmmyy can collect the victim’s operating system and computer name during the initial infection.58
C0001 Frankenstein During Frankenstein, the threat actors used Empire to obtain the compromised machine’s name.10
C0007 FunnyDream During FunnyDream, the threat actors used Systeminfo to collect information on targeted hosts.508
S0410 Fysbis Fysbis has used the command ls /etc
G0047 Gamaredon Group A Gamaredon Group file stealer can gather the victim’s computer name and drive serial numbers to send to a C2 server.433432431435434
S0666 Gelsemium Gelsemium can determine the operating system and whether a targeted machine has a 32 or 64 bit architecture.163
S0460 Get2 Get2 has the ability to identify the computer name and Windows version of an infected host.250
S0032 gh0st RAT gh0st RAT has gathered system architecture, processor, OS configuration, and installed hardware information.311
S0249 Gold Dragon Gold Dragon collects endpoint information using the systeminfo command.62
S0493 GoldenSpy GoldenSpy has gathered operating system information.78
S1198 Gomir Gomir collects information on infected systems such as hostname, username, CPU, and RAM information.298
S1138 Gootloader Gootloader can inspect the User-Agent string in GET request header information to determine the operating system of targeted systems.241
S0531 Grandoreiro Grandoreiro can collect the computer name and OS version from a compromised host.203
S0237 GravityRAT GravityRAT collects the MAC address, computer name, and CPU information.42
S0690 Green Lambert Green Lambert can use uname to identify the operating system name, version, and processor type.143144
S0417 GRIFFON GRIFFON has used a reconnaissance module that can be used to retrieve information about a victim’s computer, including the resolution of the workstation .201
S0632 GrimAgent GrimAgent can collect the OS, and build version on a compromised host.388
S0151 HALFBAKED HALFBAKED can obtain information about the OS, processor, and BIOS.355
S0214 HAPPYWORK can collect system information, including computer name, system manufacturer, IsDebuggerPresent state, and execution path.71
S1229 Havoc Havoc can gather system information including hostname, domain, and OS details.157
S0391 HAWKBALL HAWKBALL can collect the OS version, architecture information, and computer name.135
S0697 HermeticWiper HermeticWiper can determine the OS version and bitness on a targeted host.256257255254
G1001 HEXANE HEXANE has collected the hostname of a compromised machine.115
S1249 HexEval Loader HexEval Loader has identified the OS and MAC address of victim device through host fingerprinting scripting.26
G0126 Higaisa Higaisa collected the system GUID and computer name.449448
S0601 Hildegard Hildegard has collected the host’s OS, CPU, and memory information.245
S0376 HOPLIGHT HOPLIGHT has been observed collecting victim machine information like OS version.235
S0431 HotCroissant HotCroissant has the ability to determine if the current user is an administrator, Windows product name, processor name, screen resolution, and physical RAM of the infected host.372
S0203 Hydraq Hydraq creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can retrieve information such as computer name, OS version, processor speed, memory size, and CPU speed.151
S1022 IceApple The IceApple Server Variable Dumper module iterates over all server variables present for the current request and returns them to the adversary.335
S0483 IcedID IcedID has the ability to identify the computer name and OS version on a compromised host.398397
S1152 IMAPLoader IMAPLoader uses WMI queries to gather information about the victim machine.227
G0100 Inception Inception has used a reconnaissance module to gather information about the operating system and hardware on the infected host.441
S0604 Industroyer Industroyer collects the victim machine’s Windows GUID.348
S0259 InnaputRAT InnaputRAT gathers system information.126
S1245 InvisibleFerret InvisibleFerret has collected OS type, hostname and system version through the “pay” module.2729 InvisibleFerret has also queried the victim device using Python scripts to obtain the User and Hostname.2830
S0260 InvisiMole InvisiMole can gather information on the OS version, computer name, DEP policy, and memory size.274275
S0015 Ixeshe Ixeshe collects the computer name of the victim’s system during the initial infection.184
S0201 JPIN JPIN can obtain system information such as OS version and disk space.309
S0283 jRAT jRAT collects information about the OS (version, build type, install date) as well as system up-time upon receiving a connection from a backdoor.158
C0044 Juicy Mix During Juicy Mix, OilRig used a script to send the name of the compromised host via HTTP POST to register it with C2.146
S1190 Kapeka Kapeka utilizes WinAPI calls and registry queries to gather system information.119
S0215 KARAE KARAE can collect system information.71
S0088 Kasidet Kasidet has the ability to obtain a victim’s system name and operating system version.145
S0265 Kazuar Kazuar gathers information on the system.269
G0004 Ke3chang Ke3chang performs operating system information discovery using systeminfo and has used implants to identify the system language and computer name.497498326
S0585 Kerrdown Kerrdown has the ability to determine if the compromised host is running a 32 or 64 bit OS architecture.226
S0487 Kessel Kessel has collected the system architecture, OS version, and MAC address information.127
S1020 Kevin Kevin can enumerate the OS version and hostname of a targeted machine.115
S0387 KeyBoy KeyBoy can gather extended system information, such as information about the operating system and memory.5453
S0271 KEYMARBLE KEYMARBLE has the capability to collect the computer name, language settings, the OS version, CPU information, and time elapsed since system start.168
G0094 Kimsuky Kimsuky has enumerated OS type, OS version, and other information using a script or the “systeminfo” command.459457 Kimsuky has also obtained system information such as OS type, OS version, and system type through querying various Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) classes including Win32_OperatingSystem.458
S0250 Koadic Koadic can obtain the OS version and build, computer name, and processor architecture from a compromised host.9
S0641 Kobalos Kobalos can record the hostname and kernel version of the target machine.392
S0669 KOCTOPUS KOCTOPUS has checked the OS version using wmic.exe and the find command.9
S0156 KOMPROGO KOMPROGO is capable of retrieving information about the infected system.138
S0356 KONNI KONNI can gather the OS version, architecture information, hostname, and RAM size information from the victim’s machine and has used cmd /c systeminfo command to get a snapshot of the current system state of the target machine.848385
C0035 KV Botnet Activity KV Botnet Activity includes use of native system tools, such as uname, to obtain information about victim device architecture, as well as gathering other system information such as the victim’s hosts file and CPU utilization.507
S0236 Kwampirs Kwampirs collects OS version information such as registered owner details, manufacturer details, processor type, available storage, installed patches, hostname, version info, system date, and other system information by using the commands systeminfo, net config workstation, hostname, ver, set, and date /t.300
S1160 Latrodectus
Latrodectus can gather operating system information.307308308306
G0032 Lazarus Group Several Lazarus Group malware families collect information on the type and version of the victim OS, as well as the victim computer name and CPU information.444442443446280445
C0049 Leviathan Australian Intrusions Leviathan performed host enumeration and data gathering operations on victim machines during Leviathan Australian Intrusions.500
S0395 LightNeuron LightNeuron gathers the victim computer name using the Win32 API call GetComputerName.218
S1185 LightSpy LightSpy’s second stage implant uses the DeviceInformation class to collect system information, including CPU usage, battery statistics, memory allocations, screen size, etc.209
S1186 Line Dancer Line Dancer can gather system configuration information by running the native show configuration command.375
S0211 Linfo Linfo creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can retrieve system information.43
S0513 LiteDuke LiteDuke can enumerate the CPUID and BIOS version on a compromised system.74
S0680 LitePower LitePower has the ability to enumerate the OS architecture.332
S1121 LITTLELAMB.WOOLTEA LITTLELAMB.WOOLTEA can check the type of Ivanti VPN device it is running on by executing first_run() to identify the first four bytes of the motherboard serial number.401
S0681 Lizar Lizar can collect the computer name from the machine.303304
S1199 LockBit 2.0 LockBit 2.0 can enumerate system information including hostname and domain information.199198
S1202 LockBit 3.0 LockBit 3.0 can enumerate system hostname and domain.278
S0447 Lokibot Lokibot has the ability to discover the computer name and Windows product name/version.302
S0451 LoudMiner LoudMiner has monitored CPU usage.288
S0532 Lucifer Lucifer can collect the computer name, system architecture, default language, and processor frequency of a compromised host.310
S1213 Lumma Stealer Lumma Stealer has gathered various system information from victim machines.410409408
S1142 LunarMail LunarMail can capture environmental variables on compromised hosts.61
S1141 LunarWeb LunarWeb can use WMI queries and shell commands such as systeminfo.exe to collect the operating system, BIOS version, and domain name of the targeted system.61
S0409 Machete Machete collects the hostname of the target computer.359
S1016 MacMa MacMa can collect information about a compromised computer, including: Hardware UUID, Mac serial number, and macOS version.79
S1048 macOS.OSAMiner macOS.OSAMiner can gather the device serial number.221
S1060 Mafalda Mafalda can collect the computer name of a compromised host.276277
G0059 Magic Hound Magic Hound malware has used a PowerShell command to check the victim system architecture to determine if it is an x64 machine. Other malware has obtained the OS version, UUID, and computer/host name to send to the C2 server.473472471
S1182 MagicRAT MagicRAT collects basic system information from victim machines.322
G1026 Malteiro Malteiro collects the machine information, system architecture, the OS version, computer name, and Windows product name.451
S1169 Mango Mango can collect the machine name of a compromised system which is later used as part of a unique victim identifier.146
S1156 Manjusaka Manjusaka performs basic system profiling actions to fingerprint and register the victim system with the C2 controller.64
S0652 MarkiRAT MarkiRAT can obtain the computer name from a compromised host.233
S0449 Maze Maze has checked the language of the infected system using the “GetUSerDefaultUILanguage” function.55
G1051 Medusa Group Medusa Group has leveraged cmd.exe to identify system info cmd.exe /c systeminfo.492
S1244 Medusa Ransomware Medusa Ransomware has collected data from the SMBIOS firmware table using GetSystemFirmwareTable.334
S1059 metaMain metaMain can collect the computer name from a compromised host.277
S0455 Metamorfo Metamorfo has collected the hostname and operating system version from the compromised host.264265266
S0688 Meteor Meteor has the ability to discover the hostname of a compromised host.328
S0339 Micropsia Micropsia gathers the hostname and OS version from the victim’s machine.2122
S1015 Milan Milan can enumerate the targeted machine’s name and GUID.9998
S0051 MiniDuke MiniDuke can gather the hostname on a compromised machine.74
S0280 MirageFox MirageFox can collect CPU and architecture information from the victim’s machine.140
S0084 Mis-Type The initial beacon packet for Mis-Type contains the operating system version and file system of the victim.125
S0083 Misdat The initial beacon packet for Misdat contains the operating system version of the victim.125
S1122 Mispadu Mispadu collects the OS version, computer name, and language ID.155
S0079 MobileOrder MobileOrder has a command to upload to its C2 server victim mobile device information, including IMEI, IMSI, SIM card serial number, phone number, Android version, and other information.292
S0553 MoleNet MoleNet can collect information about the about the system.35
S1026 Mongall Mongall can retrieve the hostname via gethostbyname.350
G1036 Moonstone Sleet Moonstone Sleet has gathered information on victim systems.494
S0149 MoonWind MoonWind can obtain the victim hostname, Windows version, RAM amount, and screen resolution.222
S0284 More_eggs More_eggs has the capability to gather the OS version and computer name.6566
G1009 Moses Staff Moses Staff collected information about the infected host, including the machine names and OS architecture.447
G0069 MuddyWater MuddyWater has used malware that can collect the victim’s OS version and machine name.461460464463462
S0233 MURKYTOP MURKYTOP has the capability to retrieve information about the OS.104
G0129 Mustang Panda Mustang Panda has gathered system information using systeminfo.455
G1020 Mustard Tempest Mustard Tempest has used implants to perform system reconnaissance on targeted systems.353
S0205 Naid Naid collects a unique identifier (UID) from a compromised host.217
S0228 NanHaiShu NanHaiShu can gather the victim computer name and serial number.106
S0247 NavRAT NavRAT uses systeminfo on a victim’s machine.263
S0272 NDiskMonitor NDiskMonitor obtains the victim computer name and encrypts the information to send over its C2 channel.232
S0691 Neoichor Neoichor can collect the OS version and computer name from a compromised host.326
S0457 Netwalker Netwalker can determine the system architecture it is running on to choose which version of the DLL to use.96
S0198 NETWIRE NETWIRE can discover and collect victim system information.371
S1147 Nightdoor Nightdoor gathers information on the victim system such as CPU and Computer name as well as device drivers.369
S1100 Ninja Ninja can obtain the computer name and information on the OS from targeted hosts.213214
S0385 njRAT njRAT enumerates the victim operating system and computer name during the initial infection.23
S1107 NKAbuse NKAbuse conducts multiple system checks and includes these in subsequent “heartbeat” messages to the malware’s command and control server.211
S0353 NOKKI NOKKI can gather information on the operating system on the victim’s machine.389
S0644 ObliqueRAT ObliqueRAT has the ability to check for blocklisted computer names on infected endpoints.231
S0346 OceanSalt OceanSalt can collect the computer name from the system.260
S0340 Octopus Octopus can collect the computer name, OS version, and OS architecture information.224
S1172 OilBooster OilBooster can identify the compromised system’s hostname which is used to create a unique identifier.116
G0049 OilRig OilRig has run hostname and systeminfo on a victim.419420418356421
S0439 Okrum Okrum can collect computer name, locale information, and information about the OS and architecture.212
S0264 OopsIE OopsIE checks for information on the CPU fan, temperature, mouse, hard disk, and motherboard as part of its anti-VM checks.206
C0012 Operation CuckooBees During Operation CuckooBees, the threat actors used the systeminfo command to gather details about a compromised system.499
C0006 Operation Honeybee During Operation Honeybee, the threat actors collected the computer name, OS, and other system information using cmd /c systeminfo > %temp%\ temp.ini.502
C0014 Operation Wocao During Operation Wocao, threat actors discovered the OS versions of systems connected to a targeted network.504
S0229 Orz Orz can gather the victim OS version and whether it is 64 or 32 bit.106
S0165 OSInfo OSInfo discovers information about the infected machine.223
S0402 OSX/Shlayer OSX/Shlayer has collected the IOPlatformUUID, session UID, and the OS version using the command sw_vers -productVersion.285286
S0352 OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D collects processor information, memory information, computer name, hardware UUID, serial number, and operating system version. OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D has used the ioreg command to gather some of this information.1691706
S0208 Pasam Pasam creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can retrieve information like hostname.330
G0040 Patchwork Patchwork collected the victim computer name, OS version, and architecture type and sent the information to its C2 server.490232
S0556 Pay2Key Pay2Key has the ability to gather the hostname of the victim machine.251
S0587 Penquin Penquin can report the file system type of a compromised host to C2.370
S1145 Pikabot Pikabot performs a variety of system checks and gathers system information, including commands such as whoami.219220
S0048 PinchDuke PinchDuke gathers system configuration information.236
S1031 PingPull PingPull can retrieve the hostname of a compromised host.156
S0501 PipeMon PipeMon can collect and send OS version and computer name as a part of its C2 beacon.107
S0124 Pisloader Pisloader has a command to collect victim system information, including the system name and OS version.383
S0254 PLAINTEE PLAINTEE collects general system enumeration data about the infected machine and checks the OS version.47
G1040 Play
Play has leveraged tools to enumerate system information.474
S0013 PlugX PlugX has collected system information including OS version, processor information, RAM size, location, host name, IP, and screen size of the infected host.246
S0428 PoetRAT PoetRAT has the ability to gather information about the compromised host.228
S0453 Pony Pony has collected the Service Pack, language, and region information to send to the C2.270
S0216 POORAIM POORAIM can identify system information, including battery status.71
S0378 PoshC2 PoshC2 contains modules, such as Get-ComputerInfo, for enumerating common system information.13
S0139 PowerDuke PowerDuke has commands to get information about the victim’s name, build, version, serial number, and memory usage.100
S0441 PowerShower PowerShower has collected system information on the infected host.86
S0223 POWERSTATS POWERSTATS can retrieve OS name/architecture and computer/domain name information from compromised hosts.159160
S0184 POWRUNER POWRUNER may collect information about the system by running hostname and systeminfo on a victim.299
S0113 Prikormka A module in Prikormka collects information from the victim about Windows OS version, computer name, battery info, and physical memory.234
S0238 Proxysvc Proxysvc collects the OS version, country name, MAC address, computer name, and physical memory statistics.280
S1228 PUBLOAD PUBLOAD has collected and sent system information including volume serial number, computer name, and system uptime to designated C2.412121 PUBLOAD has also used several commands executed in sequence via cmd in a short interval to gather system information about the infected host including systeminfo.413 PUBLOAD has decrypted shellcode that collects the computer name.414
S0196 PUNCHBUGGY PUNCHBUGGY can gather system information such as computer names.381
S0192 Pupy Pupy can grab a system’s information including the OS version, architecture, etc.16
S0650 QakBot QakBot can collect system information including the OS version and domain on a compromised host.351354352353
S0262 QuasarRAT QuasarRAT can gather system information from the victim’s machine including the OS type.12
S1148 Raccoon Stealer Raccoon Stealer gathers information on infected systems such as operating system, processor information, RAM, and display information.377376
S1212 RansomHub RansomHub can retrieve information about virtual machines.402
S1130 Raspberry Robin Raspberry Robin performs several system checks as part of anti-analysis mechanisms, including querying the operating system build number, processor vendor and type, video controller, and CPU temperature.67
S0241 RATANKBA RATANKBA gathers information about the OS architecture, OS name, and OS version/Service pack.399400
S0662 RCSession RCSession can gather system information from a compromised host.357
S0172 Reaver Reaver collects system information from the victim, including CPU speed, computer name, ANSI code page, OEM code page identifier for the OS, Microsoft Windows version, and memory information.384
G1039 RedCurl RedCurl has collected information about the target system, such as system information and list of network connections.452453
C0047 RedDelta Modified PlugX Infection Chain Operations Mustang Panda captured victim operating system type via User Agent analysis during RedDelta Modified PlugX Infection Chain Operations.501
S0153 RedLeaves RedLeaves can gather extended system information including the hostname, OS version number, platform, memory information, time elapsed since system startup, and CPU information.294301
S1240 RedLine Stealer RedLine Stealer can collect information about the local system.312313314315
S0125 Remsec Remsec can obtain the OS version information, computer name, processor architecture, machine role, and OS edition.283
S0379 Revenge RAT Revenge RAT collects the CPU information, OS information, and system language.202
S0496 REvil REvil can identify the username, machine name, system language, keyboard layout, and OS version on a compromised host.175172177176176174173171
S0433 Rifdoor Rifdoor has the ability to identify the Windows version on the compromised host.56
S1222 RIFLESPINE RIFLESPINE can collect system information after installation on infected systems.244
S0448 Rising Sun Rising Sun can detect the computer name and operating system.179
G0106 Rocke Rocke has used uname -m to collect the name and information about the infected system’s kernel.430
S0270 RogueRobin RogueRobin gathers BIOS versions and manufacturers, the number of CPU cores, the total physical memory, and the computer name.360
S0240 ROKRAT ROKRAT can gather the hostname and the OS version to ensure it doesn’t run on a Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 systems.342343344345346347
S1078 RotaJakiro RotaJakiro executes a set of commands to collect device information, including uname. Another example is the cat /etc/*release | uniq command used to collect the current OS distribution.258
S1073 Royal Royal can use GetNativeSystemInfo to enumerate system processors.102103
S0148 RTM RTM can obtain the computer name, OS version, and default language identifier.333
S0253 RunningRAT RunningRAT gathers the OS version and processor information.62
S0085 S-Type The initial beacon packet for S-Type contains the operating system version and file system of the victim.125
S1210 Sagerunex Sagerunex gathers information from the infected system such as hostname.240
S1018 Saint Bot Saint Bot can identify the OS version, CPU, and other details from a victim’s machine.161
S1168 SampleCheck5000 SampleCheck5000 can create unique victim identifiers by using the compromised system’s computer name.116
G0034 Sandworm Team Sandworm Team used a backdoor to enumerate information about the infected system’s operating system.495496
S1085 Sardonic Sardonic has the ability to collect the computer name, and CPU manufacturer name from a compromised machine. Sardonic also has the ability to execute the ver and systeminfo commands.72
G1015 Scattered Spider Scattered Spider has executed scripts to identify the underlying operating system to ensure it uses the correct installation package for malicious payloads.467
S0461 SDBbot SDBbot has the ability to identify the OS version, OS bit information and computer name.250249
S0382 ServHelper ServHelper will attempt to enumerate Windows version and system architecture.186
S0596 ShadowPad ShadowPad has discovered system information including memory status, CPU frequency, and OS versions.349
S0140 Shamoon Shamoon obtains the victim’s operating system version and keyboard layout and sends the information to the C2 server.108109
C0058 SharePoint ToolShell Exploitation During SharePoint ToolShell Exploitation, threat actors fingerprinted targeted SharePoint servers to identify OS version and running processes.503
S1019 Shark Shark can collect the GUID of a targeted machine.9998
S0546 SharpStage SharpStage has checked the system settings to see if Arabic is the configured language.289
S0450 SHARPSTATS SHARPSTATS has the ability to identify the IP address, machine name, and OS of the compromised host.160
S0445 ShimRatReporter ShimRatReporter gathered the operating system name and specific Windows version of an infected machine.18
S1178 ShrinkLocker ShrinkLocker uses WMI queries to gather various information about the victim machine and operating system.9293
S0217 SHUTTERSPEED SHUTTERSPEED can collect system information.71
G1008 SideCopy SideCopy has identified the OS version of a compromised host.281
S0610 SideTwist SideTwist can collect the computer name of a targeted system.356
G0121 Sidewinder Sidewinder has used tools to collect the computer name, OS version, installed hotfixes, as well as information regarding the memory and processor on a compromised host.469470
S0692 SILENTTRINITY SILENTTRINITY can collect information related to a compromised host, including OS version.20
S0468 Skidmap Skidmap has the ability to check whether the infected system’s OS is Debian or RHEL/CentOS to determine which cryptocurrency miner it should use.215
S0533 SLOTHFULMEDIA SLOTHFULMEDIA has collected system name, OS version, adapter information, and memory usage from a victim machine.405
S0218 SLOWDRIFT SLOWDRIFT collects and sends system information to its C2.71
S0649 SMOKEDHAM SMOKEDHAM has used the systeminfo command on a compromised host.148
S1086 Snip3 Snip3 has the ability to query Win32_ComputerSystem for system information. 210
S1124 SocGholish SocGholish has the ability to enumerate system information including the victim computer name.899091
S0627 SodaMaster SodaMaster can enumerate the host name and OS version on a target system.204
S1166 Solar Solar can send basic information about the infected host to C2.146
S0615 SombRAT SombRAT can execute getinfo to enumerate the computer name and OS version of a compromised system.411
S0516 SoreFang SoreFang can collect the hostname, operating system configuration, and product ID on victim machines by executing Systeminfo.225
S0157 SOUNDBITE SOUNDBITE is capable of gathering system information.138
G0054 Sowbug Sowbug obtained OS version and hardware configuration from a victim.485
S0543 Spark Spark can collect the hostname, keyboard layout, and language from the system.242
S0374 SpeakUp SpeakUp uses the cat /proc/cpuinfo
S0646 SpicyOmelette SpicyOmelette can identify the system name of a compromised host.139
S1234 SplatCloak SplatCloak has collected the Windows build number using the windows kernel API RtlGetVersion to determine if the response is 19000 or higher (Windows 10 version 2004 or later).48
S1030 Squirrelwaffle Squirrelwaffle has gathered victim computer information and configurations.63
S0058 SslMM SslMM sends information to its hard-coded C2, including OS version, service pack information, processor speed, system name, and OS install date.120
S1037 STARWHALE STARWHALE can gather the computer name of an infected host.7069
S1200 StealBit StealBit can enumerate the computer name and domain membership of the compromised system.282
G0038 Stealth Falcon Stealth Falcon malware gathers system information via WMI, including the system directory, build number, serial number, version, manufacturer, model, and total physical memory.493
S0380 StoneDrill StoneDrill has the capability to discover the system OS, Windows version, architecture and environment.279
G1053 Storm-0501 Storm-0501 has leveraged native Windows tools and commands such as systeminfo and open-source tools including OSQuery and ossec-win32 to query details about the endpoint.475
S0142 StreamEx StreamEx has the ability to enumerate system information.229
S1183 StrelaStealer StrelaStealer variants collect victim system information for exfiltration.368
S1034 StrifeWater StrifeWater can collect the OS version, architecture, and machine name to create a unique token for the infected host.284
S0603 Stuxnet Stuxnet collects system information including computer and domain names, OS version, and S7P paths.46
S0559 SUNBURST SUNBURST collected hostname and OS version.7677
S1064 SVCReady SVCReady has the ability to collect information such as computer name, computer manufacturer, BIOS, operating system, and firmware, including through the use of systeminfo.exe.323
S0242 SynAck SynAck gathers computer names, OS version info, and also checks installed keyboard layouts to estimate if it has been launched from a certain list of countries.136
S0060 Sys10 Sys10 collects the computer name, OS versioning information, and OS install date and sends the information to the C2.120
S0464 SYSCON SYSCON has the ability to use Systeminfo to identify system information.37
S0096 Systeminfo Systeminfo can be used to gather information about the operating system.17
S0663 SysUpdate SysUpdate can collect a system’s architecture, operating system version, and hostname.262261
S0098 T9000 T9000 gathers and beacons the operating system build number and CPU Architecture (32-bit/64-bit) during installation.141
G1018 TA2541 TA2541 has collected system information prior to downloading malware on the targeted host.427
S0467 TajMahal TajMahal has the ability to identify hardware information, the computer name, and OS information on an infected host.87
G0139 TeamTNT TeamTNT has searched for system version, architecture, and hostname information.465466
S0665 ThreatNeedle ThreatNeedle can collect system profile information from a compromised host.165
S1239 TONESHELL TONESHELL has the ability to retrieve the name of the infected machine.121122123
S0266 TrickBot TrickBot gathers the OS version, machine name, CPU type, amount of RAM available, and UEFI/BIOS firmware information from the victim’s machine.31323334
S0094 Trojan.Karagany Trojan.Karagany can capture information regarding the victim’s OS, security, and hardware configuration.178
S1196 Troll Stealer Troll Stealer can collect local system information.297298
G0081 Tropic Trooper Tropic Trooper has detected a target system’s OS version.36482
S0647 Turian Turian can retrieve system information including OS version, memory usage, local hostname, and system adapter information.362
G0010 Turla Turla surveys a system upon check-in to discover operating system configuration details using the systeminfo and set commands.488489
S0199 TURNEDUP TURNEDUP is capable of gathering system information.290
S0130 Unknown Logger Unknown Logger can obtain information about the victim computer name, physical memory, country, and date.38
S0275 UPPERCUT UPPERCUT has the capability to gather the system’s hostname and OS version.271
S0022 Uroburos Uroburos has the ability to gather basic system information and run the POSIX API gethostbyname.295
S0386 Ursnif Ursnif has used Systeminfo to gather system information.321
S0476 Valak Valak can determine the Windows version and computer name on a compromised host.238237
S0257 VERMIN VERMIN collects the OS name, machine name, and architecture information.379
S0180 Volgmer Volgmer can gather system information, the computer name, OS version, drive and serial information from the victim’s machine.130129131
S0670 WarzoneRAT WarzoneRAT can collect compromised host information, including OS version, PC name, RAM size, and CPU details.132
S0514 WellMess WellMess can identify the computer name of a compromised host.182183
G0124 Windigo Windigo has used a script to detect which Linux distribution and version is currently installed on the system.127
S0155 WINDSHIELD WINDSHIELD can gather the victim computer name.138
G0112 Windshift Windshift has used malware to identify the computer name of a compromised host.491
S0219 WINERACK WINERACK can gather information about the host.71
S0176 Wingbird Wingbird checks the victim OS version after executing to determine where to drop files based on whether the victim is 32-bit or 64-bit.407
S0059 WinMM WinMM collects the system name, OS version including service pack, and system install date and sends the information to the C2 server.120
S0141 Winnti for Windows Winnti for Windows can determine if the OS on a compromised host is newer than Windows XP.272
G1035 Winter Vivern Winter Vivern script execution includes basic victim information gathering steps which are then transmitted to command and control servers.484
G0102 Wizard Spider Wizard Spider has used Systeminfo and similar commands to acquire detailed configuration information of a victim’s machine. Wizard Spider has also utilized the PowerShell cmdlet Get-ADComputer to collect DNS hostnames, last logon dates, and operating system information from Active Directory.487486
S1065 Woody RAT Woody RAT can retrieve the following information from an infected machine: OS, architecture, computer name, OS build version, and environment variables.124
S0161 XAgentOSX XAgentOSX contains the getInstalledAPP function to run ls -la /Applications to gather what applications are installed.380
S0658 XCSSET XCSSET identifies the macOS version and uses ioreg to determine serial number.336
S1207 XLoader XLoader can collect system information and supported language information from the victim machine.337
S1248 XORIndex Loader XORIndex Loader has the ability to collect the hostname, OS Username, Geolocation, and OS version of an infected host.88
S0388 YAHOYAH YAHOYAH checks for the system’s Windows OS version and hostname.36
S0248 yty yty gathers the computer name, CPU information, Microsoft Windows version, and runs the command systeminfo.305
S0251 Zebrocy Zebrocy collects the OS version and computer name. Zebrocy also runs the systeminfo command to gather system information. 194192191193190188189
S0230 ZeroT ZeroT gathers the victim’s computer name, Windows version, and system language, and then sends it to its C2 server.239
S0330 Zeus Panda Zeus Panda collects the OS version, system architecture, computer name, product ID, install date, and information on the keyboard mapping to determine the language used on the system.363364
G0128 ZIRCONIUM ZIRCONIUM has used a tool to capture the processor architecture of a compromised host in order to register it with C2.422
S0086 ZLib ZLib has the ability to enumerate system information.125
S0350 zwShell zwShell can obtain the victim PC name and OS version.185
S0412 ZxShell ZxShell can collect the local hostname, operating system details, CPU speed, and total physical memory.101
S1013 ZxxZ ZxxZ has collected the host name and operating system product name from a compromised machine.82

References


  1. Amazon. (n.d.). describe-instance-information. Retrieved March 3, 2020. 

  2. Google. (n.d.). Rest Resource: instance. Retrieved March 3, 2020. 

  3. Jason Hill. (2023, February 8). VMware ESXi in the Line of Ransomware Fire. Retrieved March 26, 2025. 

  4. Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025. 

  5. Microsoft. (2019, March 1). Virtual Machines - Get. Retrieved October 8, 2019. 

  6. Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021. 

  7. Phile Stokes. (2018, September 20). On the Trail of OSX.FairyTale | Adware Playing at Malware. Retrieved August 24, 2021. 

  8. US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020. 

  9. Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  10. Adamitis, D. et al. (2019, June 4). It’s alive: Threat actors cobble together open-source pieces into monstrous Frankenstein campaign. Retrieved May 11, 2020. 

  11. Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016. 

  12. MaxXor. (n.d.). QuasarRAT. Retrieved July 10, 2018. 

  13. Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019. 

  14. cobbr. (2021, April 21). Covenant. Retrieved September 4, 2024. 

  15. Microsoft. (n.d.). Dir. Retrieved April 18, 2016. 

  16. Nicolas Verdier. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2018. 

  17. Microsoft. (n.d.). Systeminfo. Retrieved April 8, 2016. 

  18. Yonathan Klijnsma. (2016, May 17). Mofang: A politically motivated information stealing adversary. Retrieved May 12, 2020. 

  19. Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman, John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2022. 

  20. Salvati, M. (2019, August 6). SILENTTRINITY Modules. Retrieved March 24, 2022. 

  21. Rascagneres, P., Mercer, W. (2017, June 19). Delphi Used To Score Against Palestine. Retrieved November 13, 2018. 

  22. Tsarfaty, Y. (2018, July 25). Micropsia Malware. Retrieved November 13, 2018. 

  23. Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2013, June 28). Fidelis Threat Advisory #1009: “njRAT” Uncovered. Retrieved June 4, 2019. 

  24. Adi Zeligson & Rotem Kerner. (2018, November 13). Enter The DarkGate - New Cryptocurrency Mining and Ransomware Campaign. Retrieved February 9, 2024. 

  25. McGraw, T. (2024, December 4). Black Basta Ransomware Campaign Drops Zbot, DarkGate, and Custom Malware. Retrieved December 9, 2024. 

  26. Kirill Boychenko. (2025, June 25). Another Wave: North Korean Contagious Interview Campaign Drops 35 New Malicious npm Packages. Retrieved October 19, 2025. 

  27. eSentire Threat Response Unit (TRU). (2024, November 14). Bored BeaverTail & InvisibleFerret Yacht Club – A Lazarus Lure Pt.2. Retrieved October 17, 2025. 

  28. Insikt Group. (2025, February 13). Inside the Scam: North Korea’s IT Worker Threat. Retrieved October 17, 2025. 

  29. Matej Havranek. (2025, February 20). DeceptiveDevelopment targets freelance developers. Retrieved October 17, 2025. 

  30. Unit 42. (2023, November 21). Hacking Employers and Seeking Employment: Two Job-Related Campaigns Bear Hallmarks of North Korean Threat Actors. Retrieved October 17, 2025. 

  31. Salinas, M., Holguin, J. (2017, June). Evolution of Trickbot. Retrieved July 31, 2018. 

  32. Reaves, J. (2016, October 15). TrickBot: We Missed you, Dyre. Retrieved August 2, 2018. 

  33. Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020. 

  34. Eclypsium, Advanced Intelligence. (2020, December 1). TRICKBOT NOW OFFERS ‘TRICKBOOT’: PERSIST, BRICK, PROFIT. Retrieved March 15, 2021. 

  35. Cybereason Nocturnus Team. (2020, December 9). MOLERATS IN THE CLOUD: New Malware Arsenal Abuses Cloud Platforms in Middle East Espionage Campaign. Retrieved December 22, 2020. 

  36. Alintanahin, K. (2015). Operation Tropic Trooper: Relying on Tried-and-Tested Flaws to Infiltrate Secret Keepers. Retrieved June 14, 2019. 

  37. McCabe, A. (2020, January 23). The Fractured Statue Campaign: U.S. Government Agency Targeted in Spear-Phishing Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2020. 

  38. Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016. 

  39. Kamble, V. (2022, June 28). Bumblebee: New Loader Rapidly Assuming Central Position in Cyber-crime Ecosystem. Retrieved August 24, 2022. 

  40. Merriman, K. and Trouerbach, P. (2022, April 28). This isn’t Optimus Prime’s Bumblebee but it’s Still Transforming. Retrieved August 22, 2022. 

  41. Stolyarov, V. (2022, March 17). Exposing initial access broker with ties to Conti. Retrieved August 18, 2022. 

  42. Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, April 26). GravityRAT - The Two-Year Evolution Of An APT Targeting India. Retrieved May 16, 2018. 

  43. Zhou, R. (2012, May 15). Backdoor.Linfo. Retrieved February 23, 2018. 

  44. MSTIC. (2021, May 28). Breaking down NOBELIUM’s latest early-stage toolset. Retrieved August 4, 2021. 

  45. Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022. 

  46. Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien 2011, February W32.Stuxnet Dossier (Version 1.4) Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  47. Ash, B., et al. (2018, June 26). RANCOR: Targeted Attacks in South East Asia Using PLAINTEE and DDKONG Malware Families. Retrieved July 2, 2018. 

  48. Sudeep Singh. (2025, April 16). Latest Mustang Panda Arsenal: PAKLOG, CorKLOG, and SplatCloak | P2. Retrieved September 12, 2025. 

  49. ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 2: Observing the Comings and Goings. Retrieved November 21, 2016. 

  50. Bitdefender. (2015, December). APT28 Under the Scope. Retrieved February 23, 2017. 

  51. Check Point Research. (2019, February 4). SpeakUp: A New Undetected Backdoor Linux Trojan. Retrieved April 17, 2019. 

  52. Grunzweig, J. and Wilhoit, K. (2018, November 29). The Fractured Block Campaign: CARROTBAT Used to Deliver Malware Targeting Southeast Asia. Retrieved June 2, 2020. 

  53. Guarnieri, C., Schloesser M. (2013, June 7). KeyBoy, Targeted Attacks against Vietnam and India. Retrieved June 14, 2019. 

  54. Parys, B. (2017, February 11). The KeyBoys are back in town. Retrieved June 13, 2019. 

  55. Mundo, A. (2020, March 26). Ransomware Maze. Retrieved May 18, 2020. 

  56. Knight, S.. (2020, April 16). VMware Carbon Black TAU Threat Analysis: The Evolution of Lazarus. Retrieved May 1, 2020. 

  57. Max Kersten & Alexandre Mundo. (2023, November 29). Akira Ransomware. Retrieved April 4, 2024. 

  58. Proofpoint Staff. (2018, March 7). Leaked Ammyy Admin Source Code Turned into Malware. Retrieved May 28, 2019. 

  59. Cyble. (2022, May 6). New ransomware variant targeting high-value organizations. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  60. Zargarov, N. (2022, May 2). New Black Basta Ransomware Hijacks Windows Fax Service. Retrieved March 7, 2023. 

  61. Jurčacko, F. (2024, May 15). To the Moon and back(doors): Lunar landing in diplomatic missions. Retrieved June 26, 2024. 

  62. Sherstobitoff, R., Saavedra-Morales, J. (2018, February 02). Gold Dragon Widens Olympics Malware Attacks, Gains Permanent Presence on Victims’ Systems. Retrieved June 6, 2018. 

  63. Kumar, A., Stone-Gross, Brett. (2021, September 28). Squirrelwaffle: New Loader Delivering Cobalt Strike. Retrieved August 9, 2022. 

  64. Asheer Malhotra & Vitor Ventura. (2022, August 2). Manjusaka: A Chinese sibling of Sliver and Cobalt Strike. Retrieved September 4, 2024. 

  65. Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018. 

  66. Villadsen, O.. (2019, August 29). More_eggs, Anyone? Threat Actor ITG08 Strikes Again. Retrieved September 16, 2019. 

  67. Patrick Schläpfer . (2024, April 10). Raspberry Robin Now Spreading Through Windows Script Files. Retrieved May 17, 2024. 

  68. US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 – North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020. 

  69. FBI, CISA, CNMF, NCSC-UK. (2022, February 24). Iranian Government-Sponsored Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against Global Government and Commercial Networks. Retrieved September 27, 2022. 

  70. Tomcik, R. et al. (2022, February 24). Left On Read: Telegram Malware Spotted in Latest Iranian Cyber Espionage Activity. Retrieved August 18, 2022. 

  71. FireEye. (2018, February 20). APT37 (Reaper): The Overlooked North Korean Actor. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  72. Budaca, E., et al. (2021, August 25). FIN8 Threat Actor Goes Agile with New Sardonic Backdoor. Retrieved August 9, 2023. 

  73. Sushko, O. (2019, April 17). macOS Bundlore: Mac Virus Bypassing macOS Security Features. Retrieved June 30, 2020. 

  74. Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2019, October). OPERATION GHOST. Retrieved September 23, 2020. 

  75. Falcone, R., et al.. (2015, June 16). Operation Lotus Blossom. Retrieved February 15, 2016. 

  76. FireEye. (2020, December 13). Highly Evasive Attacker Leverages SolarWinds Supply Chain to Compromise Multiple Global Victims With SUNBURST Backdoor. Retrieved January 4, 2021. 

  77. MSTIC. (2020, December 18). Analyzing Solorigate, the compromised DLL file that started a sophisticated cyberattack, and how Microsoft Defender helps protect customers . Retrieved January 5, 2021. 

  78. Trustwave SpiderLabs. (2020, June 25). The Golden Tax Department and Emergence of GoldenSpy Malware. Retrieved July 23, 2020. 

  79. M.Léveillé, M., Cherepanov, A.. (2022, January 25). Watering hole deploys new macOS malware, DazzleSpy, in Asia. Retrieved May 6, 2022. 

  80. F-Secure Labs. (2015, April 22). CozyDuke: Malware Analysis. Retrieved December 10, 2015. 

  81. FireEye Labs. (2015, April). APT30 AND THE MECHANICS OF A LONG-RUNNING CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATION. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  82. Raghuprasad, C . (2022, May 11). Bitter APT adds Bangladesh to their targets. Retrieved June 1, 2022. 

  83. Karmi, D. (2020, January 4). A Look Into Konni 2019 Campaign. Retrieved April 28, 2020. 

  84. Rascagneres, P. (2017, May 03). KONNI: A Malware Under The Radar For Years. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  85. Threat Intelligence Team. (2021, August 23). New variant of Konni malware used in campaign targetting Russia. Retrieved January 5, 2022. 

  86. Lancaster, T. (2018, November 5). Inception Attackers Target Europe with Year-old Office Vulnerability. Retrieved May 8, 2020. 

  87. GReAT. (2019, April 10). Project TajMahal – a sophisticated new APT framework. Retrieved October 14, 2019. 

  88. Kirill Boychenko. (2025, July 14). Contagious Interview Campaign Escalates With 67 Malicious npm Packages and New Malware Loader. Retrieved October 19, 2025. 

  89. Andrew Northern. (2022, November 22). SocGholish, a very real threat from a very fake update. Retrieved February 13, 2024. 

  90. Red Canary. (2024, March). Red Canary 2024 Threat Detection Report: SocGholish. Retrieved March 22, 2024. 

  91. Secureworks. (n.d.). GOLD PRELUDE . Retrieved March 22, 2024. 

  92. Cristian Souza, Eduardo Ovalle, Ashley Muñoz, & Christopher Zachor. (2024, May 23). ShrinkLocker: Turning BitLocker into ransomware. Retrieved December 7, 2024. 

  93. Splunk Threat Research Team , Teoderick Contreras. (2024, September 5). ShrinkLocker Malware: Abusing BitLocker to Lock Your Data. Retrieved December 7, 2024. 

  94. Konstantin Zykov. (2019, September 23). Hello! My name is Dtrack. Retrieved January 20, 2021. 

  95. Hod Gavriel. (2019, November 21). Dtrack: In-depth analysis of APT on a nuclear power plant. Retrieved January 20, 2021. 

  96. Victor, K.. (2020, May 18). Netwalker Fileless Ransomware Injected via Reflective Loading . Retrieved May 26, 2020. 

  97. Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Meltzer, M., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 17). North Korean APT InkySquid Infects Victims Using Browser Exploits. Retrieved September 30, 2021. 

  98. Accenture. (2021, November 9). Who are latest targets of cyber group Lyceum?. Retrieved June 16, 2022. 

  99. ClearSky Cyber Security . (2021, August). New Iranian Espionage Campaign By “Siamesekitten” - Lyceum. Retrieved June 6, 2022. 

  100. Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017. 

  101. Allievi, A., et al. (2014, October 28). Threat Spotlight: Group 72, Opening the ZxShell. Retrieved September 24, 2019. 

  102. Cybereason Global SOC and Cybereason Security Research Teams. (2022, December 14). Royal Rumble: Analysis of Royal Ransomware. Retrieved March 30, 2023. 

  103. Morales, N. et al. (2023, February 20). Royal Ransomware Expands Attacks by Targeting Linux ESXi Servers. Retrieved March 30, 2023. 

  104. FireEye. (2018, March 16). Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (TEMP.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries. Retrieved April 11, 2018. 

  105. Grange, W. (2020, July 13). Anchor_dns malware goes cross platform. Retrieved September 10, 2020. 

  106. Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018. 

  107. Tartare, M. et al. (2020, May 21). No “Game over” for the Winnti Group. Retrieved August 24, 2020. 

  108. Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017. 

  109. Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019. 

  110. Crowdstrike Global Intelligence Team. (2014, June 9). CrowdStrike Intelligence Report: Putter Panda. Retrieved January 22, 2016. 

  111. Shulmin, A., Yunakovsky, S. (2017, April 28). Use of DNS Tunneling for C&C Communications. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  112. Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018. 

  113. Doaty, J., Garrett, P.. (2018, September 10). We’re Seeing a Resurgence of the Demonic Astaroth WMIC Trojan. Retrieved September 25, 2024. 

  114. Salem, E. (2019, February 13). ASTAROTH MALWARE USES LEGITIMATE OS AND ANTIVIRUS PROCESSES TO STEAL PASSWORDS AND PERSONAL DATA. Retrieved April 17, 2019. 

  115. Kayal, A. et al. (2021, October). LYCEUM REBORN: COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Retrieved June 14, 2022. 

  116. Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, December 14). OilRig’s persistent attacks using cloud service-powered downloaders. Retrieved November 26, 2024. 

  117. Savelesky, K., et al. (2019, July 23). ABADBABE 8BADFOOD: Discovering BADHATCH and a Detailed Look at FIN8’s Tooling. Retrieved September 8, 2021. 

  118. Vrabie, V., et al. (2021, March 10). FIN8 Returns with Improved BADHATCH Toolkit. Retrieved September 8, 2021. 

  119. Mohammad Kazem Hassan Nejad, WithSecure. (2024, April 17). KAPEKA A novel backdoor spotted in Eastern Europe. Retrieved January 6, 2025. 

  120. Baumgartner, K., Golovkin, M.. (2015, May). The MsnMM Campaigns: The Earliest Naikon APT Campaigns. Retrieved April 10, 2019. 

  121. Golo Muhr, Joshua Chung. (2025, May 15). Hive0154 targeting US, Philippines, Pakistan and Taiwan in suspected espionage campaign. Retrieved August 4, 2025. 

  122. Nathaniel Morales, Nick Dai. (2025, February 18). Earth Preta Mixes Legitimate and Malicious Components to Sidestep Detection. Retrieved September 10, 2025. 

  123. Sudeep Singh. (2025, April 16). Latest Mustang Panda Arsenal: ToneShell and StarProxy | P1. Retrieved July 21, 2025. 

  124. MalwareBytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2022, August 3). Woody RAT: A new feature-rich malware spotted in the wild. Retrieved December 6, 2022. 

  125. Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021. 

  126. ASERT Team. (2018, April 04). Innaput Actors Utilize Remote Access Trojan Since 2016, Presumably Targeting Victim Files. Retrieved July 9, 2018. 

  127. Dumont, R., M.Léveillé, M., Porcher, H. (2018, December 1). THE DARK SIDE OF THE FORSSHE A landscape of OpenSSH backdoors. Retrieved July 16, 2020. 

  128. US-CERT. (2017, November 01). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) - 10135536-D. Retrieved July 16, 2018. 

  129. US-CERT. (2017, November 22). Alert (TA17-318B): HIDDEN COBRA – North Korean Trojan: Volgmer. Retrieved December 7, 2017. 

  130. Yagi, J. (2014, August 24). Trojan.Volgmer. Retrieved July 16, 2018. 

  131. Harakhavik, Y. (2020, February 3). Warzone: Behind the enemy lines. Retrieved December 17, 2021. 

  132. ClearSky Cyber Security. (2017, December). Charming Kitten. Retrieved December 27, 2017. 

  133. Microsoft Defender Threat Intelligence. (2022, June 13). The many lives of BlackCat ransomware. Retrieved December 20, 2022. 

  134. Patil, S. and Williams, M.. (2019, June 5). Government Sector in Central Asia Targeted With New HAWKBALL Backdoor Delivered via Microsoft Office Vulnerabilities. Retrieved June 20, 2019. 

  135. Ivanov, A. et al. (2018, May 7). SynAck targeted ransomware uses the Doppelgänging technique. Retrieved May 22, 2018. 

  136. Adamitis, D. (2020, May 6). Phantom in the Command Shell. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  137. Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017. 

  138. CTU. (2018, September 27). Cybercriminals Increasingly Trying to Ensnare the Big Financial Fish. Retrieved September 20, 2021. 

  139. Rosenberg, J. (2018, June 14). MirageFox: APT15 Resurfaces With New Tools Based On Old Ones. Retrieved September 21, 2018. 

  140. Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, February 4). T9000: Advanced Modular Backdoor Uses Complex Anti-Analysis Techniques. Retrieved April 15, 2016. 

  141. Secureworks Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2022, August 17). DarkTortilla Malware Analysis. Retrieved November 3, 2022. 

  142. Sandvik, Runa. (2021, October 1). Made In America: Green Lambert for OS X. Retrieved March 21, 2022. 

  143. Sandvik, Runa. (2021, October 18). Green Lambert and ATT&CK. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  144. Yadav, A., et al. (2016, January 29). Malicious Office files dropping Kasidet and Dridex. Retrieved March 24, 2016. 

  145. Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig’s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol’ rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024. 

  146. Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2016, February 3). Emissary Trojan Changelog: Did Operation Lotus Blossom Cause It to Evolve?. Retrieved February 15, 2016. 

  147. FireEye. (2021, June 16). Smoking Out a DARKSIDE Affiliate’s Supply Chain Software Compromise. Retrieved September 22, 2021. 

  148. Cherepanov, A. (2018, October). GREYENERGY A successor to BlackEnergy. Retrieved November 15, 2018. 

  149. Patil, S. (2018, June 26). Microsoft Office Vulnerabilities Used to Distribute FELIXROOT Backdoor in Recent Campaign. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  150. Lelli, A. (2010, January 11). Trojan.Hydraq. Retrieved February 20, 2018. 

  151. Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved September 2, 2021. 

  152. Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016. 

  153. N. Baisini. (2022, July 13). Transparent Tribe begins targeting education sector in latest campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2022. 

  154. ESET Security. (2019, November 19). Mispadu: Advertisement for a discounted Unhappy Meal. Retrieved March 13, 2024. 

  155. Unit 42. (2022, June 13). GALLIUM Expands Targeting Across Telecommunications, Government and Finance Sectors With New PingPull Tool. Retrieved August 7, 2022. 

  156. Wan, Y. (2025, March 3). Havoc: SharePoint with Microsoft Graph API turns into FUD C2. Retrieved August 4, 2025. 

  157. Bingham, J. (2013, February 11). Cross-Platform Frutas RAT Builder and Back Door. Retrieved April 23, 2019. 

  158. Singh, S. et al.. (2018, March 13). Iranian Threat Group Updates Tactics, Techniques and Procedures in Spear Phishing Campaign. Retrieved April 11, 2018. 

  159. Lunghi, D. and Horejsi, J.. (2019, June 10). MuddyWater Resurfaces, Uses Multi-Stage Backdoor POWERSTATS V3 and New Post-Exploitation Tools. Retrieved May 14, 2020. 

  160. Hasherezade. (2021, April 6). A deep dive into Saint Bot, a new downloader. Retrieved June 9, 2022. 

  161. Bar, T., Conant, S. (2017, October 20). BadPatch. Retrieved November 13, 2018. 

  162. Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021. 

  163. FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA’S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015. 

  164. Vyacheslav Kopeytsev and Seongsu Park. (2021, February 25). Lazarus targets defense industry with ThreatNeedle. Retrieved October 27, 2021. 

  165. Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 08). Hidden Cobra Targets Turkish Financial Sector With New Bankshot Implant. Retrieved May 18, 2018. 

  166. US-CERT. (2017, December 13). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) - 10135536-B. Retrieved July 17, 2018. 

  167. US-CERT. (2018, August 09). MAR-10135536-17 – North Korean Trojan: KEYMARBLE. Retrieved August 16, 2018. 

  168. Horejsi, J. (2018, April 04). New MacOS Backdoor Linked to OceanLotus Found. Retrieved November 13, 2018. 

  169. Magisa, L. (2020, November 27). New MacOS Backdoor Connected to OceanLotus Surfaces. Retrieved December 2, 2020. 

  170. Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, September 24). REvil/Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020. 

  171. Cylance. (2019, July 3). hreat Spotlight: Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020. 

  172. Group IB. (2020, May). Ransomware Uncovered: Attackers’ Latest Methods. Retrieved August 5, 2020. 

  173. Intel 471 Malware Intelligence team. (2020, March 31). REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service – An analysis of a ransomware affiliate operation. Retrieved August 4, 2020. 

  174. Mamedov, O, et al. (2019, July 3). Sodin ransomware exploits Windows vulnerability and processor architecture. Retrieved August 4, 2020. 

  175. McAfee. (2019, October 2). McAfee ATR Analyzes Sodinokibi aka REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service – What The Code Tells Us. Retrieved August 4, 2020. 

  176. Secureworks . (2019, September 24). REvil: The GandCrab Connection. Retrieved August 4, 2020. 

  177. Secureworks. (2019, July 24). Updated Karagany Malware Targets Energy Sector. Retrieved August 12, 2020. 

  178. Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A., et. al.. (2018, December 18). Operation Sharpshooter Campaign Targets Global Defense, Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 14, 2020. 

  179. Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2016, February 29). The Turbo Campaign, Featuring Derusbi for 64-bit Linux. Retrieved March 2, 2016. 

  180. US-CERT. (2017, November 22). Alert (TA17-318A): HIDDEN COBRA – North Korean Remote Administration Tool: FALLCHILL. Retrieved December 7, 2017. 

  181. PWC. (2020, July 16). How WellMess malware has been used to target COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved September 24, 2020. 

  182. CISA. (2020, July 16). MAR-10296782-2.v1 – WELLMESS. Retrieved September 24, 2020. 

  183. Sancho, D., et al. (2012, May 22). IXESHE An APT Campaign. Retrieved June 7, 2019. 

  184. McAfee® Foundstone® Professional Services and McAfee Labs™. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: “Night Dragon”. Retrieved February 19, 2018. 

  185. Schwarz, D. and Proofpoint Staff. (2019, January 9). ServHelper and FlawedGrace - New malware introduced by TA505. Retrieved May 28, 2019. 

  186. CheckPoint. (2020, May 7). Naikon APT: Cyber Espionage Reloaded. Retrieved May 26, 2020. 

  187. Accenture Security. (2018, November 29). SNAKEMACKEREL. Retrieved April 15, 2019. 

  188. CISA. (2020, October 29). Malware Analysis Report (AR20-303B). Retrieved December 9, 2020. 

  189. ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019. 

  190. ESET. (2018, November 20). Sednit: What’s going on with Zebrocy?. Retrieved February 12, 2019. 

  191. Falcone, R., Lee, B. (2018, November 20). Sofacy Continues Global Attacks and Wheels Out New ‘Cannon’ Trojan. Retrieved November 26, 2018. 

  192. Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, December 12). Dear Joohn: The Sofacy Group’s Global Campaign. Retrieved April 19, 2019. 

  193. Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, June 06). Sofacy Group’s Parallel Attacks. Retrieved June 18, 2018. 

  194. TrendMicro. (2014, September 03). DARKCOMET. Retrieved November 6, 2018. 

  195. Kujawa, A. (2018, March 27). You dirty RAT! Part 1: DarkComet. Retrieved November 6, 2018. 

  196. Accenture iDefense Unit. (2019, March 5). Mudcarp’s Focus on Submarine Technologies. Retrieved August 24, 2021. 

  197. Elsad, A. et al. (2022, June 9). LockBit 2.0: How This RaaS Operates and How to Protect Against It. Retrieved January 24, 2025. 

  198. FBI. (2022, February 4). Indicators of Compromise Associated with LockBit 2.0 Ransomware. Retrieved January 24, 2025. 

  199. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2014, August 06). The Epic Turla Operation: Solving some of the mysteries of Snake/Uroboros. Retrieved November 7, 2018. 

  200. Namestnikov, Y. and Aime, F. (2019, May 8). FIN7.5: the infamous cybercrime rig “FIN7” continues its activities. Retrieved October 11, 2019. 

  201. Livelli, K, et al. (2018, November 12). Operation Shaheen. Retrieved May 1, 2019. 

  202. ESET. (2020, April 28). Grandoreiro: How engorged can an EXE get?. Retrieved November 13, 2020. 

  203. GREAT. (2021, March 30). APT10: sophisticated multi-layered loader Ecipekac discovered in A41APT campaign. Retrieved June 17, 2021. 

  204. Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016. 

  205. Falcone, R., et al. (2018, September 04). OilRig Targets a Middle Eastern Government and Adds Evasion Techniques to OopsIE. Retrieved September 24, 2018. 

  206. Malhotra, A. (2022, March 15). Threat Advisory: CaddyWiper. Retrieved March 23, 2022. 

  207. Threat Intelligence Team. (2022, March 18). Double header: IsaacWiper and CaddyWiper . Retrieved April 11, 2022. 

  208. Stuart Ashenbrenner, Alden Schmidt. (2024, April 25). LightSpy Malware Variant Targeting macOS. Retrieved January 3, 2025. 

  209. Lorber, N. (2021, May 7). Revealing the Snip3 Crypter, a Highly Evasive RAT Loader. Retrieved September 13, 2023. 

  210. KASPERSKY GERT. (2023, December 14). Unveiling NKAbuse: a new multiplatform threat abusing the NKN protocol. Retrieved February 8, 2024. 

  211. Hromcova, Z. (2019, July). OKRUM AND KETRICAN: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT KE3CHANG GROUP ACTIVITY. Retrieved May 6, 2020. 

  212. Dedola, G. (2022, June 21). APT ToddyCat. Retrieved January 3, 2024. 

  213. Dedola, G. et al. (2023, October 12). ToddyCat: Keep calm and check logs. Retrieved January 3, 2024. 

  214. Remillano, A., Urbanec, J. (2019, September 19). Skidmap Linux Malware Uses Rootkit Capabilities to Hide Cryptocurrency-Mining Payload. Retrieved June 4, 2020. 

  215. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2021, February 21). AppleJeus: Analysis of North Korea’s Cryptocurrency Malware. Retrieved March 1, 2021. 

  216. Neville, A. (2012, June 15). Trojan.Naid. Retrieved February 22, 2018. 

  217. Faou, M. (2019, May). Turla LightNeuron: One email away from remote code execution. Retrieved June 24, 2019. 

  218. Brett Stone-Gross & Nikolaos Pantazopoulos. (2023, May 24). Technical Analysis of Pikabot. Retrieved July 12, 2024. 

  219. Daniel Stepanic & Salim Bitam. (2024, February 23). PIKABOT, I choose you!. Retrieved July 12, 2024. 

  220. Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 29, 2022. 

  221. Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, March 30). Trochilus and New MoonWind RATs Used In Attack Against Thai Organizations. Retrieved March 30, 2017. 

  222. Symantec Security Response. (2016, September 6). Buckeye cyberespionage group shifts gaze from US to Hong Kong. Retrieved September 26, 2016. 

  223. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, October 15). Octopus-infested seas of Central Asia. Retrieved November 14, 2018. 

  224. CISA. (2020, July 16). MAR-10296782-1.v1 – SOREFANG. Retrieved September 29, 2020. 

  225. Ray, V. and Hayashi, K. (2019, February 1). Tracking OceanLotus’ new Downloader, KerrDown. Retrieved October 1, 2021. 

  226. PwC Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 25). Yellow Liderc ships its scripts and delivers IMAPLoader malware. Retrieved August 14, 2024. 

  227. Mercer, W, et al. (2020, April 16). PoetRAT: Python RAT uses COVID-19 lures to target Azerbaijan public and private sectors. Retrieved April 27, 2020. 

  228. Cylance SPEAR Team. (2017, February 9). Shell Crew Variants Continue to Fly Under Big AV’s Radar. Retrieved February 15, 2017. 

  229. Jazi, H. (2021, June 1). Kimsuky APT continues to target South Korean government using AppleSeed backdoor. Retrieved June 10, 2021. 

  230. Malhotra, A. (2021, March 2). ObliqueRAT returns with new campaign using hijacked websites. Retrieved September 2, 2021. 

  231. Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018. 

  232. GReAT. (2021, June 16). Ferocious Kitten: 6 Years of Covert Surveillance in Iran. Retrieved September 22, 2021. 

  233. Cherepanov, A.. (2016, May 17). Operation Groundbait: Analysis of a surveillance toolkit. Retrieved May 18, 2016. 

  234. US-CERT. (2019, April 10). MAR-10135536-8 – North Korean Trojan: HOPLIGHT. Retrieved April 19, 2019. 

  235. F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015. 

  236. Reaves, J. and Platt, J. (2020, June). Valak Malware and the Connection to Gozi Loader ConfCrew. Retrieved August 31, 2020. 

  237. Salem, E. et al. (2020, May 28). VALAK: MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE . Retrieved June 19, 2020. 

  238. Huss, D., et al. (2017, February 2). Oops, they did it again: APT Targets Russia and Belarus with ZeroT and PlugX. Retrieved April 5, 2018. 

  239. Joey Chen, Cisco Talos. (2025, February 27). Lotus Blossom espionage group targets multiple industries with different versions of Sagerunex and hacking tools. Retrieved March 15, 2025. 

  240. Szappanos, G. & Brandt, A. (2021, March 1). “Gootloader” expands its payload delivery options. Retrieved September 30, 2022. 

  241. Falcone, R., et al. (2020, March 3). Molerats Delivers Spark Backdoor to Government and Telecommunications Organizations. Retrieved December 14, 2020. 

  242. Rodel Mendrez & Lloyd Macrohon. (2021, October 15). BlackByte Ransomware – Pt. 1 In-depth Analysis. Retrieved December 16, 2024. 

  243. Punsaen Boonyakarn, Shawn Chew, Logeswaran Nadarajan, Mathew Potaczek, Jakub Jozwiak, and Alex Marvi. (2024, June 18). Cloaked and Covert: Uncovering UNC3886 Espionage Operations. Retrieved September 24, 2024. 

  244. Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021. 

  245. Alexandre Cote Cyr. (2022, March 23). Mustang Panda’s Hodur: Old tricks, new Korplug variant. Retrieved September 9, 2025. 

  246. Bryan Lee and Rob Downs. (2016, February 12). A Look Into Fysbis: Sofacy’s Linux Backdoor. Retrieved September 10, 2017. 

  247. Grunzweig, J. (2018, October 01). NOKKI Almost Ties the Knot with DOGCALL: Reaper Group Uses New Malware to Deploy RAT. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  248. Financial Security Institute. (2020, February 28). Profiling of TA505 Threat Group That Continues to Attack the Financial Sector. Retrieved July 14, 2022. 

  249. Schwarz, D. et al. (2019, October 16). TA505 Distributes New SDBbot Remote Access Trojan with Get2 Downloader. Retrieved May 29, 2020. 

  250. Check Point. (2020, November 6). Ransomware Alert: Pay2Key. Retrieved January 4, 2021. 

  251. Juan Andrés Guerrero-Saade & Tom Hegel. (2024, March 21). AcidPour | New Embedded Wiper Variant of AcidRain Appears in Ukraine. Retrieved November 25, 2024. 

  252. Hinchliffe, A. and Falcone, R. (2020, May 11). Updated BackConfig Malware Targeting Government and Military Organizations in South Asia. Retrieved June 17, 2020. 

  253. Dani, M. (2022, March 1). Ukrainian Targets Hit by HermeticWiper, New Datawiper Malware. Retrieved March 25, 2022. 

  254. ESET. (2022, March 1). IsaacWiper and HermeticWizard: New wiper and worm targetingUkraine. Retrieved April 10, 2022. 

  255. Guerrero-Saade, J. (2022, February 23). HermeticWiper | New Destructive Malware Used In Cyber Attacks on Ukraine. Retrieved March 25, 2022. 

  256. Thomas, W. et al. (2022, February 25). CrowdStrike Falcon Protects from New Wiper Malware Used in Ukraine Cyberattacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022. 

  257. Alex Turing, Hui Wang. (2021, April 28). RotaJakiro: A long live secret backdoor with 0 VT detection. Retrieved June 14, 2023. 

  258. US-CERT. (2018, February 06). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) - 10135536-G. Retrieved June 7, 2018. 

  259. Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A. (2018, October 18). ‘Operation Oceansalt’ Attacks South Korea, U.S., and Canada With Source Code From Chinese Hacker Group. Retrieved November 30, 2018. 

  260. Daniel Lunghi. (2023, March 1). Iron Tiger’s SysUpdate Reappears, Adds Linux Targeting. Retrieved March 20, 2023. 

  261. Lunghi, D. and Lu, K. (2021, April 9). Iron Tiger APT Updates Toolkit With Evolved SysUpdate Malware. Retrieved November 12, 2021. 

  262. Sierra, E., Iglesias, G.. (2018, April 24). Metamorfo Campaigns Targeting Brazilian Users. Retrieved July 30, 2020. 

  263. Zhang, X. (2020, February 4). Another Metamorfo Variant Targeting Customers of Financial Institutions in More Countries. Retrieved July 30, 2020. 

  264. ESET Research. (2019, October 3). Casbaneiro: peculiarities of this banking Trojan that affects Brazil and Mexico. Retrieved September 23, 2021. 

  265. Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021. 

  266. Chen, T. and Chen, Z. (2020, February 17). CLAMBLING - A New Backdoor Base On Dropbox. Retrieved November 12, 2021. 

  267. Levene, B, et al. (2017, May 03). Kazuar: Multiplatform Espionage Backdoor with API Access. Retrieved July 17, 2018. 

  268. hasherezade. (2016, April 11). No money, but Pony! From a mail to a trojan horse. Retrieved May 21, 2020. 

  269. Matsuda, A., Muhammad I. (2018, September 13). APT10 Targeting Japanese Corporations Using Updated TTPs. Retrieved September 17, 2018. 

  270. Novetta Threat Research Group. (2015, April 7). Winnti Analysis. Retrieved February 8, 2017. 

  271. Unit 42. (2019, February 22). New BabyShark Malware Targets U.S. National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved October 7, 2019. 

  272. Hromcová, Z. (2018, June 07). InvisiMole: Surprisingly equipped spyware, undercover since 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2018. 

  273. Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020. 

  274. Ehrlich, A., et al. (2022, September). THE MYSTERY OF METADOR | AN UNATTRIBUTED THREAT HIDING IN TELCOS, ISPS, AND UNIVERSITIES. Retrieved January 23, 2023. 

  275. SentinelLabs. (2022, September 22). Metador Technical Appendix. Retrieved April 4, 2023. 

  276. FBI et al. (2023, March 16). #StopRansomware: LockBit 3.0. Retrieved February 5, 2025. 

  277. Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019. 

  278. Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A. (2018, April 24). Analyzing Operation GhostSecret: Attack Seeks to Steal Data Worldwide. Retrieved May 16, 2018. 

  279. Threat Intelligence Team. (2021, December 2). SideCopy APT: Connecting lures victims, payloads to infrastructure. Retrieved June 13, 2022. 

  280. Cybereason Global SOC Team. (n.d.). THREAT ANALYSIS REPORT: Inside the LockBit Arsenal - The StealBit Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved January 29, 2025. 

  281. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Technical Analysis. Retrieved August 17, 2016. 

  282. Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, February 1). StrifeWater RAT: Iranian APT Moses Staff Adds New Trojan to Ransomware Operations. Retrieved August 15, 2022. 

  283. Carbon Black Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, February 12). New macOS Malware Variant of Shlayer (OSX) Discovered. Retrieved August 8, 2019. 

  284. Phil Stokes. (2020, September 8). Coming Out of Your Shell: From Shlayer to ZShlayer. Retrieved September 13, 2021. 

  285. Check Point Research. (2021, January 4). Stopping Serial Killer: Catching the Next Strike. Retrieved September 7, 2021. 

  286. Malik, M. (2019, June 20). LoudMiner: Cross-platform mining in cracked VST software. Retrieved May 18, 2020. 

  287. Ilascu, I. (2020, December 14). Hacking group’s new malware abuses Google and Facebook services. Retrieved December 28, 2020. 

  288. O’Leary, J., et al. (2017, September 20). Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage: APT33 Targets Aerospace and Energy Sectors and has Ties to Destructive Malware. Retrieved February 15, 2018. 

  289. Somerville, L. and Toro, A. (2017, March 30). Playing Cat & Mouse: Introducing the Felismus Malware. Retrieved November 16, 2017. 

  290. Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2016, January 24). Scarlet Mimic: Years-Long Espionage Campaign Targets Minority Activists. Retrieved February 10, 2016. 

  291. PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper: Technical Annex. Retrieved April 13, 2017. 

  292. FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence “Snake” Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023. 

  293. Kasuya, M. (2020, January 8). Threat Spotlight: Amadey Bot Targets Non-Russian Users. Retrieved July 14, 2022. 

  294. Jiho Kim & Sebin Lee, S2W. (2024, February 7). Kimsuky disguised as a Korean company signed with a valid certificate to distribute Troll Stealer (English ver.). Retrieved January 17, 2025. 

  295. Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2024, May 16). Springtail: New Linux Backdoor Added to Toolkit. Retrieved January 17, 2025. 

  296. Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017. 

  297. Symantec Security Response Attack Investigation Team. (2018, April 23). New Orangeworm attack group targets the healthcare sector in the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 

  298. Accenture Security. (2018, April 23). Hogfish Redleaves Campaign. Retrieved July 2, 2018. 

  299. Kazem, M. (2019, November 25). Trojan:W32/Lokibot. Retrieved May 15, 2020. 

  300. BI.ZONE Cyber Threats Research Team. (2021, May 13). From pentest to APT attack: cybercriminal group FIN7 disguises its malware as an ethical hacker’s toolkit. Retrieved February 2, 2022. 

  301. Bourhis, P., Sekoia TDR. (2024, February 1). Unveiling the intricacies of DiceLoader. Retrieved May 14, 2025. 

  302. Schwarz, D., Sopko J. (2018, March 08). Donot Team Leverages New Modular Malware Framework in South Asia. Retrieved June 11, 2018. 

  303. Batista, J. (2024, June 17). Latrodectus, are you coming back?. Retrieved September 13, 2024. 

  304. Proofpoint Threat Research and Team Cymru S2 Threat Research. (2024, April 4). Latrodectus: This Spider Bytes Like Ice . Retrieved May 31, 2024. 

  305. Stepanic, D. and Bousseaden, S. (2024, May 15). Spring Cleaning with LATRODECTUS: A Potential Replacement for ICEDID. Retrieved September 13, 2024. 

  306. Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018. 

  307. Hsu, K. et al. (2020, June 24). Lucifer: New Cryptojacking and DDoS Hybrid Malware Exploiting High and Critical Vulnerabilities to Infect Windows Devices. Retrieved November 16, 2020. 

  308. Quinn, J. (2019, March 25). The odd case of a Gh0stRAT variant. Retrieved July 15, 2020. 

  309. George Glass. (2024, August 14). REDLINESTEALER Malware Driving the Initial Access Broker Market. Retrieved September 17, 2025. 

  310. Proofpoint Threat Insight Team, Jeremy H, Axel F. (2020, March 16). New Redline Password Stealer Malware. Retrieved September 17, 2025. 

  311. Splunk Threat Research Team. (2023, June 1). Do Not Cross The ‘RedLine’ Stealer: Detections and Analysis. Retrieved September 17, 2025. 

  312. Yair Herling. (2023, April 4). From ChatGPT to RedLine Stealer: The Dark Side of OpenAI and Google Bard. Retrieved September 17, 2025. 

  313. Grunzweig, J. (2018, January 31). Comnie Continues to Target Organizations in East Asia. Retrieved June 7, 2018. 

  314. Zhang, X. (2018, April 05). Analysis of New Agent Tesla Spyware Variant. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  315. Zhang, X. (2017, June 28). In-Depth Analysis of A New Variant of .NET Malware AgentTesla. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  316. Jazi, H. (2020, April 16). New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials. Retrieved May 19, 2020. 

  317. ClearSky Cyber Security. (2021, January). “Lebanese Cedar” APT Global Lebanese Espionage Campaign Leveraging Web Servers. Retrieved February 10, 2021. 

  318. Caragay, R. (2015, March 26). URSNIF: The Multifaceted Malware. Retrieved June 5, 2019. 

  319. Asheer Malhotra, Vitor Ventura & Jungsoo An, Cisco Talos. (2022, September 7). MagicRAT: Lazarus’ latest gateway into victim networks. Retrieved December 30, 2024. 

  320. Schlapfer, Patrick. (2022, June 6). A New Loader Gets Ready. Retrieved December 13, 2022. 

  321. ClearSky. (2016, January 7). Operation DustySky. Retrieved January 8, 2016. 

  322. Threat Intelligence and Research. (2015, March 30). VOLATILE CEDAR. Retrieved February 8, 2021. 

  323. MSTIC. (2021, December 6). NICKEL targeting government organizations across Latin America and Europe. Retrieved March 18, 2022. 

  324. hasherezade. (2015, November 4). A Technical Look At Dyreza. Retrieved June 15, 2020. 

  325. Check Point Research Team. (2021, August 14). Indra - Hackers Behind Recent Attacks on Iran. Retrieved February 17, 2022. 

  326. Scott Henderson, Cristiana Kittner, Sarah Hawley & Mark Lechtik, Google Cloud. (2023, January 19). Suspected Chinese Threat Actors Exploiting FortiOS Vulnerability (CVE-2022-42475). Retrieved December 31, 2024. 

  327. Mullaney, C. & Honda, H. (2012, May 4). Trojan.Pasam. Retrieved February 22, 2018. 

  328. Grunzweig, J.. (2017, April 20). Cardinal RAT Active for Over Two Years. Retrieved December 8, 2018. 

  329. Yamout, M. (2021, November 29). WIRTE’s campaign in the Middle East ‘living off the land’ since at least 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2022. 

  330. Faou, M. and Boutin, J. (2017, February). Read The Manual: A Guide to the RTM Banking Trojan. Retrieved March 9, 2017. 

  331. Vlad Pasca. (2024, January 1). A Deep Dive into Medusa Ransomware. Retrieved October 15, 2025. 

  332. CrowdStrike. (2022, May). ICEAPPLE: A NOVEL INTERNET INFORMATION SERVICES (IIS) POST-EXPLOITATION FRAMEWORK. Retrieved June 27, 2022. 

  333. Mac Threat Response, Mobile Research Team. (2020, August 13). The XCSSET Malware: Inserts Malicious Code Into Xcode Projects, Performs UXSS Backdoor Planting in Safari, and Leverages Two Zero-day Exploits. Retrieved October 5, 2021. 

  334. Acronis. (2021, November 26). Trojan-as-a-service: From Formbook to XLoader. Retrieved March 11, 2025. 

  335. Neeamni, D., Rubinfeld, A.. (2021, July 1). Diavol - A New Ransomware Used By Wizard Spider?. Retrieved November 12, 2021. 

  336. Hayashi, K., Ray, V. (2018, July 31). Bisonal Malware Used in Attacks Against Russia and South Korea. Retrieved August 7, 2018. 

  337. Mercer, W., et al. (2020, March 5). Bisonal: 10 years of play. Retrieved January 26, 2022. 

  338. Zykov, K. (2020, August 13). CactusPete APT group’s updated Bisonal backdoor. Retrieved May 5, 2021. 

  339. Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2017, April 03). Introducing ROKRAT. Retrieved May 21, 2018. 

  340. Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2017, November 28). ROKRAT Reloaded. Retrieved May 21, 2018. 

  341. GReAT. (2019, May 13). ScarCruft continues to evolve, introduces Bluetooth harvester. Retrieved June 4, 2019. 

  342. Pantazopoulos, N.. (2018, November 8). RokRat Analysis. Retrieved May 21, 2020. 

  343. Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 25). North Korean BLUELIGHT Special: InkySquid Deploys RokRAT. Retrieved October 1, 2021. 

  344. Jazi, Hossein. (2021, January 6). Retrohunting APT37: North Korean APT used VBA self decode technique to inject RokRat. Retrieved March 22, 2022. 

  345. Dragos Inc.. (2017, June 13). CRASHOVERRIDE Analysis of the Threat to Electric Grid Operations. Retrieved December 18, 2020. 

  346. Kaspersky Lab. (2017, August). ShadowPad: popular server management software hit in supply chain attack. Retrieved March 22, 2021. 

  347. Chen, Joey. (2022, June 9). Aoqin Dragon | Newly-Discovered Chinese-linked APT Has Been Quietly Spying On Organizations For 10 Years. Retrieved July 14, 2022. 

  348. CS. (2020, October 7). Duck Hunting with Falcon Complete: A Fowl Banking Trojan Evolves, Part 2. Retrieved September 27, 2021. 

  349. Group IB. (2020, September). LOCK LIKE A PRO. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  350. Microsoft. (2022, May 9). Ransomware as a service: Understanding the cybercrime gig economy and how to protect yourself. Retrieved March 10, 2023. 

  351. Morrow, D. (2021, April 15). The rise of QakBot. Retrieved September 27, 2021. 

  352. Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017. 

  353. Check Point. (2021, April 8). Iran’s APT34 Returns with an Updated Arsenal. Retrieved May 5, 2021. 

  354. Global Threat Center, Intelligence Team. (2020, December). APT27 Turns to Ransomware. Retrieved November 12, 2021. 

  355. Symantec Security Response. (2015, December 7). Iran-based attackers use back door threats to spy on Middle Eastern targets. Retrieved April 17, 2019. 

  356. ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019. 

  357. Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018. 

  358. Mike Stokkel et al. (2024, July 18). APT41 Has Arisen From the DUST. Retrieved September 16, 2024. 

  359. Adam Burgher. (2021, June 10). BackdoorDiplomacy: Upgrading from Quarian to Turian. Retrieved September 1, 2021 

  360. Brumaghin, E., et al. (2017, November 02). Poisoning the Well: Banking Trojan Targets Google Search Results. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  361. Ebach, L. (2017, June 22). Analysis Results of Zeus.Variant.Panda. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  362. Giuliani, M., Allievi, A. (2011, February 28). Carberp - a modular information stealing trojan. Retrieved September 12, 2024. 

  363. Allievi, A.,Flori, E. (2018, March 01). FinFisher exposed: A researcher’s tale of defeating traps, tricks, and complex virtual machines. Retrieved July 9, 2018. 

  364. FinFisher. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2024. 

  365. Golo Mühr, Joe Fasulo & Charlotte Hammond, IBM X-Force. (2024, November 12). Strela Stealer: Today’s invoice is tomorrow’s phish. Retrieved December 31, 2024. 

  366. Ahn Ho, Facundo Muñoz, & Marc-Etienne M.Léveillé. (2024, March 7). Evasive Panda leverages Monlam Festival to target Tibetans. Retrieved July 25, 2024. 

  367. Leonardo. (2020, May 29). MALWARE TECHNICAL INSIGHT TURLA “Penquin_x64”. Retrieved March 11, 2021. 

  368. McAfee. (2015, March 2). Netwire RAT Behind Recent Targeted Attacks. Retrieved February 15, 2018. 

  369. US-CERT. (2020, February 20). MAR-10271944-1.v1 – North Korean Trojan: HOTCROISSANT. Retrieved May 1, 2020. 

  370. Yan, T., et al. (2018, November 21). New Wine in Old Bottle: New Azorult Variant Found in FindMyName Campaign using Fallout Exploit Kit. Retrieved November 29, 2018. 

  371. Proofpoint. (2018, July 30). New version of AZORult stealer improves loading features, spreads alongside ransomware in new campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2018. 

  372. Cisco Talos. (2024, April 24). ArcaneDoor - New espionage-focused campaign found targeting perimeter network devices. Retrieved January 6, 2025. 

  373. Pierre Le Bourhis, Quentin Bourgue, & Sekoia TDR. (2022, June 29). Raccoon Stealer v2 - Part 2: In-depth analysis. Retrieved August 1, 2024. 

  374. S2W TALON. (2022, June 16). Raccoon Stealer is Back with a New Version. Retrieved August 1, 2024. 

  375. FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, December 1). China-based Cyber Threat Group Uses Dropbox for Malware Communications and Targets Hong Kong Media Outlets. Retrieved December 4, 2015. 

  376. Lancaster, T., Cortes, J. (2018, January 29). VERMIN: Quasar RAT and Custom Malware Used In Ukraine. Retrieved July 5, 2018. 

  377. Robert Falcone. (2017, February 14). XAgentOSX: Sofacy’s Xagent macOS Tool. Retrieved July 12, 2017. 

  378. Gorelik, M.. (2019, June 10). SECURITY ALERT: FIN8 IS BACK IN BUSINESS, TARGETING THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY. Retrieved June 13, 2019. 

  379. Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022. 

  380. Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved August 17, 2016. 

  381. Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017. 

  382. Salem, E. (2020, November 17). CHAES: Novel Malware Targeting Latin American E-Commerce. Retrieved June 30, 2021. 

  383. Kohler, A. and Lopez, C. (2024, April 30). Malware: Cuckoo Behaves Like Cross Between Infostealer and Spyware. Retrieved August 20, 2024. 

  384. Stokes, P. (2024, May 9). macOS Cuckoo Stealer | Ensuring Detection and Defense as New Samples Rapidly Emerge. Retrieved August 20, 2024. 

  385. Priego, A. (2021, July). THE BROTHERS GRIM: THE REVERSING TALE OF GRIMAGENT MALWARE USED BY RYUK. Retrieved September 19, 2024. 

  386. Grunzweig, J., Lee, B. (2018, September 27). New KONNI Malware attacking Eurasia and Southeast Asia. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  387. F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016. 

  388. Baumgartner, K. and Garnaeva, M.. (2014, November 3). BE2 custom plugins, router abuse, and target profiles. Retrieved March 24, 2016. 

  389. M.Leveille, M., Sanmillan, I. (2021, January). A WILD KOBALOS APPEARS Tricksy Linux malware goes after HPCs. Retrieved August 24, 2021. 

  390. Joe Security. (n.d.). Analysis Report fasm.dll. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  391. NHS Digital. (2020, November 26). Egregor Ransomware The RaaS successor to Maze. Retrieved December 29, 2020. 

  392. Symantec Security Response. (2014, June 30). Dragonfly: Cyberespionage Attacks Against Energy Suppliers. Retrieved April 8, 2016. 

  393. Slowik, J. (2021, October). THE BAFFLING BERSERK BEAR: A DECADE’S ACTIVITY TARGETING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. Retrieved December 6, 2021. 

  394. DFIR. (2022, April 25). Quantum Ransomware. Retrieved July 26, 2024. 

  395. Kessem, L., et al. (2017, November 13). New Banking Trojan IcedID Discovered by IBM X-Force Research. Retrieved July 14, 2020. 

  396. Lei, C., et al. (2018, January 24). Lazarus Campaign Targeting Cryptocurrencies Reveals Remote Controller Tool, an Evolved RATANKBA, and More. Retrieved May 22, 2018. 

  397. Trend Micro. (2017, February 27). RATANKBA: Delving into Large-scale Watering Holes against Enterprises. Retrieved May 22, 2018. 

  398. Lin, M. et al. (2024, February 27). Cutting Edge, Part 3: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Exploitation and Persistence Attempts. Retrieved March 1, 2024. 

  399. Alfano, V. et al. (2025, February 12). RansomHub Never Sleeps Episode 1: The evolution of modern ransomware. Retrieved March 17, 2025. 

  400. Cybereason Nocturnus. (2020, July 16). A BAZAR OF TRICKS: FOLLOWING TEAM9’S DEVELOPMENT CYCLES. Retrieved November 18, 2020. 

  401. Pantazopoulos, N. (2020, June 2). In-depth analysis of the new Team9 malware family. Retrieved December 1, 2020. 

  402. DHS/CISA, Cyber National Mission Force. (2020, October 1). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) MAR-10303705-1.v1 – Remote Access Trojan: SLOTHFULMEDIA. Retrieved October 2, 2020. 

  403. Chen, J. et al. (2019, November). Operation ENDTRADE: TICK’s Multi-Stage Backdoors for Attacking Industries and Stealing Classified Data. Retrieved June 9, 2020. 

  404. Anthe, C. et al. (2016, December 14). Microsoft Security Intelligence Report Volume 21. Retrieved November 27, 2017. 

  405. Buddy Tancio, Fe Cureg, and Jovit Samaniego, Trend Micro. (2025, January 30). Lumma Stealer’s GitHub-Based Delivery Explored via Managed Detection and Response. Retrieved March 22, 2025. 

  406. Cara Lin, Fortinet. (2024, January 8). Deceptive Cracked Software Spreads Lumma Variant on YouTube. Retrieved March 22, 2025. 

  407. Cybereaon Security Services Team. (n.d.). Your Data Is Under New Lummanagement: The Rise of LummaStealer. Retrieved March 22, 2025. 

  408. The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2020, November 12). The CostaRicto Campaign: Cyber-Espionage Outsourced. Retrieved May 24, 2021. 

  409. Asheer Malhotra, Jungsoo An, Kendall Mc. (2022, May 5). Mustang Panda deploys a new wave of malware targeting Europe. Retrieved August 4, 2025. 

  410. Lenart Bermejo, Sunny Lu, Ted Lee. (2024, September 9). Earth Preta Evolves its Attacks with New Malware and Strategies. Retrieved August 4, 2025. 

  411. Nick Dai, Vickie Su, Sunny Lu. (2022, November 18). Earth Preta Spear-Phishing Governments Worldwide. Retrieved August 4, 2025. 

  412. Microsoft Incident Response. (2023, July 6). The five-day job: A BlackByte ransomware intrusion case study. Retrieved December 16, 2024. 

  413. Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, October 21). Exbyte: BlackByte Ransomware Attackers Deploy New Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved December 16, 2024. 

  414. US Federal Bureau of Investigation & US Secret Service. (2022, February 11). Indicators of Compromise Associated with BlackByte Ransomware. Retrieved December 16, 2024. 

  415. Bromiley, M., et al.. (2019, July 18). Hard Pass: Declining APT34’s Invite to Join Their Professional Network. Retrieved August 26, 2019. 

  416. Falcone, R. and Lee, B.. (2016, May 26). The OilRig Campaign: Attacks on Saudi Arabian Organizations Deliver Helminth Backdoor. Retrieved May 3, 2017. 

  417. Grunzweig, J. and Falcone, R.. (2016, October 4). OilRig Malware Campaign Updates Toolset and Expands Targets. Retrieved May 3, 2017. 

  418. Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, October 19). Crambus: New Campaign Targets Middle Eastern Government. Retrieved November 27, 2024. 

  419. Singh, S. and Antil, S. (2020, October 27). APT-31 Leverages COVID-19 Vaccine Theme and Abuses Legitimate Online Services. Retrieved March 24, 2021. 

  420. Nikita Rostovcev. (2022, August 18). APT41 World Tour 2021 on a tight schedule. Retrieved February 22, 2024. 

  421. Lambert, T. (2020, May 7). Introducing Blue Mockingbird. Retrieved May 26, 2020. 

  422. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2015, August 10). Darkhotel’s attacks in 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2018. 

  423. Microsoft. (2016, July 14). Reverse engineering DUBNIUM – Stage 2 payload analysis . Retrieved March 31, 2021. 

  424. Larson, S. and Wise, J. (2022, February 15). Charting TA2541’s Flight. Retrieved September 12, 2023. 

  425. Sygnia Incident Response Team. (2022, January 5). TG2003: ELEPHANT BEETLE UNCOVERING AN ORGANIZED FINANCIAL-THEFT OPERATION. Retrieved February 9, 2023. 

  426. Ta, V., et al. (2022, August 8). FIN13: A Cybercriminal Threat Actor Focused on Mexico. Retrieved February 9, 2023. 

  427. Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019. 

  428. CERT-EE. (2021, January 27). Gamaredon Infection: From Dropper to Entry. Retrieved February 17, 2022. 

  429. Kakara, H., Maruyama, E. (2020, April 17). Gamaredon APT Group Use Covid-19 Lure in Campaigns. Retrieved May 19, 2020. 

  430. Kasza, A. and Reichel, D. (2017, February 27). The Gamaredon Group Toolset Evolution. Retrieved March 1, 2017. 

  431. Rusnák, Z. (2024, September 26). Cyberespionage the Gamaredon way: Analysis of toolset used to spy on Ukraine in 2022 and 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024. 

  432. Threat Hunter Team, Symantec and Carbon Black. (2025, April 10). Shuckworm Targets Foreign Military Mission Based in Ukraine. Retrieved July 23, 2025. 

  433. Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, January 16). Korea In The Crosshairs. Retrieved May 21, 2018. 

  434. Foltýn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018. 

  435. Dumont, R. (2019, March 20). Fake or Fake: Keeping up with OceanLotus decoys. Retrieved April 1, 2019. 

  436. Dumont, R.. (2019, April 9). OceanLotus: macOS malware update. Retrieved April 15, 2019. 

  437. Henderson, S., et al. (2020, April 22). Vietnamese Threat Actors APT32 Targeting Wuhan Government and Chinese Ministry of Emergency Management in Latest Example of COVID-19 Related Espionage. Retrieved April 28, 2020. 

  438. Symantec. (2018, March 14). Inception Framework: Alive and Well, and Hiding Behind Proxies. Retrieved May 8, 2020. 

  439. Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  440. Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Loaders, Installers and Uninstallers Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  441. Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016. 

  442. Saini, A. and Hossein, J. (2022, January 27). North Korea’s Lazarus APT leverages Windows Update client, GitHub in latest campaign. Retrieved January 27, 2022. 

  443. Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, February 12). Lazarus Resurfaces, Targets Global Banks and Bitcoin Users. Retrieved February 19, 2018. 

  444. Checkpoint Research. (2021, November 15). Uncovering MosesStaff techniques: Ideology over Money. Retrieved August 11, 2022. 

  445. Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, June 4). New LNK attack tied to Higaisa APT discovered. Retrieved March 2, 2021. 

  446. PT ESC Threat Intelligence. (2020, June 4). COVID-19 and New Year greetings: an investigation into the tools and methods used by the Higaisa group. Retrieved March 2, 2021. 

  447. Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2019, September 18). Tortoiseshell Group Targets IT Providers in Saudi Arabia in Probable Supply Chain Attacks. Retrieved May 20, 2024. 

  448. SCILabs. (2021, December 23). Cyber Threat Profile Malteiro. Retrieved March 13, 2024. 

  449. Group-IB. (2020, August). RedCurl: The Pentest You Didn’t Know About. Retrieved August 9, 2024. 

  450. Group-IB. (2021, November). RedCurl: The Awakening. Retrieved August 14, 2024. 

  451. DHS/CISA. (2020, August 26). FASTCash 2.0: North Korea’s BeagleBoyz Robbing Banks. Retrieved September 29, 2021. 

  452. Hamzeloofard, S. (2020, January 31). New wave of PlugX targets Hong Kong | Avira Blog. Retrieved April 13, 2021. 

  453. The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2024, April 17). Threat Group FIN7 Targets the U.S. Automotive Industry. Retrieved May 1, 2025. 

  454. An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021. 

  455. Den Iuzvyk, Tim Peck. (2025, February 13). Analyzing DEEP#DRIVE: North Korean Threat Actors Observed Exploiting Trusted Platforms for Targeted Attacks. Retrieved August 19, 2025. 

  456. Tarakanov , D.. (2013, September 11). The “Kimsuky” Operation: A North Korean APT?. Retrieved August 13, 2019. 

  457. Adamitis, D. et al. (2019, May 20). Recent MuddyWater-associated BlackWater campaign shows signs of new anti-detection techniques. Retrieved June 5, 2019. 

  458. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, October 10). MuddyWater expands operations. Retrieved November 2, 2018. 

  459. Malhortra, A and Ventura, V. (2022, January 31). Iranian APT MuddyWater targets Turkish users via malicious PDFs, executables. Retrieved June 22, 2022. 

  460. Peretz, A. and Theck, E. (2021, March 5). Earth Vetala – MuddyWater Continues to Target Organizations in the Middle East. Retrieved March 18, 2021. 

  461. Reaqta. (2017, November 22). A dive into MuddyWater APT targeting Middle-East. Retrieved May 18, 2020. 

  462. AT&T Alien Labs. (2021, September 8). TeamTNT with new campaign aka Chimaera. Retrieved September 22, 2021. 

  463. Darin Smith. (2022, April 21). TeamTNT targeting AWS, Alibaba. Retrieved August 4, 2022. 

  464. Mandiant Incident Response. (2025, July 23). From Help Desk to Hypervisor: Defending Your VMware vSphere Estate from UNC3944. Retrieved October 13, 2025. 

  465. Yates, M. (2017, June 18). APT3 Uncovered: The code evolution of Pirpi. Retrieved September 28, 2017. 

  466. Hegel, T. (2021, January 13). A Global Perspective of the SideWinder APT. Retrieved January 27, 2021. 

  467. Rewterz. (2020, June 22). Analysis on Sidewinder APT Group – COVID-19. Retrieved January 29, 2021. 

  468. DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023. 

  469. DFIR Report. (2022, March 21). APT35 Automates Initial Access Using ProxyShell. Retrieved May 25, 2022. 

  470. Lee, B. and Falcone, R. (2017, February 15). Magic Hound Campaign Attacks Saudi Targets. Retrieved December 27, 2017. 

  471. Trend Micro Research. (2023, July 21). Ransomware Spotlight: Play. Retrieved September 24, 2024. 

  472. Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, September 26). Storm-0501: Ransomware attacks expanding to hybrid cloud environments. Retrieved October 19, 2025. 

  473. Amaury G., Coline Chavane, Felix Aimé and Sekoia TDR. (2025, March 31). From Contagious to ClickFake Interview: Lazarus leveraging the ClickFix tactic. Retrieved April 1, 2025. 

  474. Mandiant. (n.d.). APT42: Crooked Charms, Cons and Compromises. Retrieved October 9, 2024. 

  475. Ahl, I. (2017, June 06). Privileges and Credentials: Phished at the Request of Counsel. Retrieved May 17, 2018. 

  476. Grunzweig, J., Lee, B. (2016, January 22). New Attacks Linked to C0d0so0 Group. Retrieved August 2, 2018. 

  477. Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved November 15, 2018. 

  478. Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, July 18). FIN8 Uses Revamped Sardonic Backdoor to Deliver Noberus Ransomware. Retrieved August 9, 2023. 

  479. Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper’s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020. 

  480. Wiley, B. et al. (2021, December 29). OverWatch Exposes AQUATIC PANDA in Possession of Log4Shell Exploit Tools During Hands-on Intrusion Attempt. Retrieved January 18, 2022. 

  481. Chad Anderson. (2021, April 27). Winter Vivern: A Look At Re-Crafted Government MalDocs Targeting Multiple Languages. Retrieved July 29, 2024. 

  482. Symantec Security Response. (2017, November 7). Sowbug: Cyber espionage group targets South American and Southeast Asian governments. Retrieved November 16, 2017. 

  483. Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023. 

  484. The DFIR Report. (2020, October 8). Ryuk’s Return. Retrieved October 9, 2020. 

  485. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research and Analysis Team. (2014, August 7). The Epic Turla Operation: Solving some of the mysteries of Snake/Uroburos. Retrieved December 11, 2014. 

  486. Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020. 

  487. Cymmetria. (2016). Unveiling Patchwork - The Copy-Paste APT. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  488. The BlackBerry Research & Intelligence Team. (2020, October). BAHAMUT: Hack-for-Hire Masters of Phishing, Fake News, and Fake Apps. Retrieved February 8, 2021. 

  489. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2025, March 12). AA25-071A #StopRansomware: Medusa Ransomware. Retrieved October 15, 2025. 

  490. Marczak, B. and Scott-Railton, J.. (2016, May 29). Keep Calm and (Don’t) Enable Macros: A New Threat Actor Targets UAE Dissidents. Retrieved June 8, 2016. 

  491. Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 28). Moonstone Sleet emerges as new North Korean threat actor with new bag of tricks. Retrieved August 26, 2024. 

  492. Cherepanov, A.. (2017, July 4). Analysis of TeleBots’ cunning backdoor . Retrieved June 11, 2020. 

  493. Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020. 

  494. Villeneuve, N., Bennett, J. T., Moran, N., Haq, T., Scott, M., & Geers, K. (2014). OPERATION “KE3CHANG”: Targeted Attacks Against Ministries of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved November 12, 2014. 

  495. Smallridge, R. (2018, March 10). APT15 is alive and strong: An analysis of RoyalCli and RoyalDNS. Retrieved April 4, 2018. 

  496. Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, May 4). Operation CuckooBees: Deep-Dive into Stealthy Winnti Techniques. Retrieved September 22, 2022. 

  497. CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People’s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025. 

  498. Insikt Group. (2025, January 9). Chinese State-Sponsored RedDelta Targeted Taiwan, Mongolia, and Southeast Asia with Adapted PlugX Infection Chain. Retrieved January 14, 2025. 

  499. Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 02). McAfee Uncovers Operation Honeybee, a Malicious Document Campaign Targeting Humanitarian Aid Groups. Retrieved May 16, 2018. 

  500. Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2025, July 22). Disrupting active exploitation of on-premises SharePoint vulnerabilities. Retrieved October 15, 2025. 

  501. Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020. 

  502. Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024. 

  503. Canadian Centre for Cyber Security. (2024, April 24). Cyber Activity Impacting CISCO ASA VPNs. Retrieved January 6, 2025. 

  504. Black Lotus Labs. (2023, December 13). Routers Roasting On An Open Firewall: The KV-Botnet Investigation. Retrieved June 10, 2024. 

  505. Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022.