T1566.001 Spearphishing Attachment
Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious attachment in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon User Execution to gain execution. Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.
There are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary’s payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user’s system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one.
Item | Value |
---|---|
ID | T1566.001 |
Sub-techniques | T1566.001, T1566.002, T1566.003 |
Tactics | TA0001 |
CAPEC ID | CAPEC-163 |
Platforms | Linux, Windows, macOS |
Version | 2.2 |
Created | 02 March 2020 |
Last Modified | 18 October 2021 |
Procedure Examples
ID | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
G0018 | admin@338 | admin@338 has sent emails with malicious Microsoft Office documents attached.141 |
S0331 | Agent Tesla | The primary delivered mechaism for Agent Tesla is through email phishing messages.4 |
G0130 | Ajax Security Team | Ajax Security Team has used personalized spearphishing attachments.176 |
G0138 | Andariel | Andariel has conducted spearphishing campaigns that included malicious Word or Excel attachments.165166 |
S0622 | AppleSeed | AppleSeed has been distributed to victims through malicious e-mail attachments.48 |
G0099 | APT-C-36 | APT-C-36 has used spearphishing emails with password protected RAR attachment to avoid being detected by the email gateway.92 |
G0006 | APT1 | APT1 has sent spearphishing emails containing malicious attachments.93 |
G0005 | APT12 | APT12 has sent emails with malicious Microsoft Office documents and PDFs attached.200201 |
G0073 | APT19 | APT19 sent spearphishing emails with malicious attachments in RTF and XLSM formats to deliver initial exploits.216 |
G0007 | APT28 | APT28 sent spearphishing emails containing malicious Microsoft Office and RAR attachments.221222223224225226227228 |
G0016 | APT29 | APT29 has used spearphishing emails with an attachment to deliver files with exploits to initial victims.153154155156157158 |
G0013 | APT30 | APT30 has used spearphishing emails with malicious DOC attachments.161 |
G0050 | APT32 | APT32 has sent spearphishing emails with a malicious executable disguised as a document or spreadsheet.1121131141151166 |
G0064 | APT33 | APT33 has sent spearphishing e-mails with archive attachments.189 |
G0067 | APT37 | APT37 delivers malware using spearphishing emails with malicious HWP attachments.173174175 |
G0082 | APT38 | APT38 has conducted spearphishing campaigns using malicious email attachments.204 |
G0087 | APT39 | APT39 leveraged spearphishing emails with malicious attachments to initially compromise victims.183184185 |
G0096 | APT41 | APT41 sent spearphishing emails with attachments such as compiled HTML (.chm) files to initially compromise their victims.81 |
S0642 | BADFLICK | BADFLICK has been distributed via spearphishing campaigns containing malicious Microsoft Word documents.23 |
S0234 | Bandook | Bandook is delivered via a malicious Word document inside a zip file.39 |
S0268 | Bisonal | Bisonal has been delivered as malicious email attachments.47 |
G0098 | BlackTech | BlackTech has used spearphishing e-mails with malicious password-protected archived files (ZIP or RAR) to deliver malware.7924 |
S0520 | BLINDINGCAN | BLINDINGCAN has been delivered by phishing emails containing malicious Microsoft Office documents.38 |
G0060 | BRONZE BUTLER | BRONZE BUTLER used spearphishing emails with malicious Microsoft Word attachments to infect victims.139140 |
S0631 | Chaes | Chaes has been delivered by sending victims a phishing email containing a malicious .docx file.45 |
S0660 | Clambling | Clambling has been delivered to victim’s machines through malicious e-mail attachments.60 |
G0080 | Cobalt Group | Cobalt Group has sent spearphishing emails with various attachment types to corporate and personal email accounts of victim organizations. Attachment types have included .rtf, .doc, .xls, archives containing LNK files, and password protected archives containing .exe and .scr executables.8384858687888990 |
G0142 | Confucius | Confucius has crafted and sent victims malicious attachments to gain initial access.43 |
G0012 | Darkhotel | Darkhotel has sent spearphishing emails with malicious RAR and .LNK attachments.187188 |
G0079 | DarkHydrus | DarkHydrus has sent spearphishing emails with password-protected RAR archives containing malicious Excel Web Query files (.iqy). The group has also sent spearphishing emails that contained malicious Microsoft Office documents that use the “attachedTemplate” technique to load a template from a remote server.170171172 |
S0673 | DarkWatchman | DarkWatchman has been delivered via spearphishing emails that contain a malicious zip file.49 |
G0035 | Dragonfly | Dragonfly has sent emails with malicious attachments to gain initial access.182 |
G0066 | Elderwood | Elderwood has delivered zero-day exploits and malware to victims via targeted emails containing malicious attachments.150151 |
S0367 | Emotet | Emotet has been delivered by phishing emails containing attachments. 282930313233343536 |
S0634 | EnvyScout | EnvyScout has been distributed via spearphishing as an email attachment.37 |
G0137 | Ferocious Kitten | Ferocious Kitten has conducted spearphishing campaigns containing malicious documents to lure victims to open the attachments.149 |
G0085 | FIN4 | FIN4 has used spearphishing emails containing attachments (which are often stolen, legitimate documents sent from compromised accounts) with embedded malicious macros.180181 |
G0037 | FIN6 | FIN6 has targeted victims with e-mails containing malicious attachments.94 |
G0046 | FIN7 | FIN7 sent spearphishing emails with either malicious Microsoft Documents or RTF files attached.20520620717208 |
G0061 | FIN8 | FIN8 has distributed targeted emails containing Word documents with embedded malicious macros.143144145 |
S0696 | Flagpro | Flagpro has been distributed via spearphishing as an email attachment.24 |
G0101 | Frankenstein | Frankenstein has used spearphishing emails to send trojanized Microsoft Word documents.82 |
G0084 | Gallmaker | Gallmaker sent emails with malicious Microsoft Office documents attached.91 |
G0047 | Gamaredon Group | Gamaredon Group has delivered spearphishing emails with malicious attachments to targets.101102103104105106 |
G0078 | Gorgon Group | Gorgon Group sent emails to victims with malicious Microsoft Office documents attached.78 |
S0499 | Hancitor | Hancitor has been delivered via phishing emails with malicious attachments.22 |
G0126 | Higaisa | Higaisa has sent spearphishing emails containing malicious attachments.137138 |
S0483 | IcedID | IcedID has been delivered via phishing e-mails with malicious attachments.40 |
G0100 | Inception | Inception has used weaponized documents attached to spearphishing emails for reconnaissance and initial compromise.212213214215 |
G0136 | IndigoZebra | IndigoZebra sent spearphishing emails containing malicious password-protected RAR attachments.147148 |
S0528 | Javali | Javali has been delivered as malicious e-mail attachments.51 |
S0648 | JSS Loader | JSS Loader has been delivered by phishing emails containing malicious Microsoft Excel attachments.17 |
S0585 | Kerrdown | Kerrdown has been distributed through malicious e-mail attachments.6 |
G0094 | Kimsuky | Kimsuky has used emails containing Word, Excel and/or HWP (Hangul Word Processor) documents in their spearphishing campaigns.11812212312011948117121 |
S0669 | KOCTOPUS | KOCTOPUS has been distributed via spearphishing emails with malicious attachments.61 |
S0356 | KONNI | KONNI has been delivered via spearphishing campaigns through a malicious Word document.44 |
G0032 | Lazarus Group | Lazarus Group has targeted victims with spearphishing emails containing malicious Microsoft Word documents.1255126127128 |
G0140 | LazyScripter | LazyScripter has used spam emails weaponized with archive or document files as its initial infection vector.61 |
G0065 | Leviathan | Leviathan has sent spearphishing emails with malicious attachments, including .rtf, .doc, and .xls files.6364 |
S0447 | Lokibot | Lokibot is delivered via a malicious XLS attachment contained within a spearhpishing email.50 |
G0095 | Machete | Machete has delivered spearphishing emails that contain a zipped file with malicious contents.167168169 |
G0045 | menuPass | menuPass has sent malicious Office documents via email as part of spearphishing campaigns as well as executables disguised as documents.190191192193 |
S0455 | Metamorfo | Metamorfo has been delivered to victims via emails with malicious HTML attachments.1920 |
G0103 | Mofang | Mofang delivered spearphishing emails with malicious documents, PDFs, or Excel files attached.136 |
G0021 | Molerats | Molerats has sent phishing emails with malicious Microsoft Word and PDF attachments.656667 |
G0069 | MuddyWater | MuddyWater has compromised third parties and used compromised accounts to send spearphishing emails with targeted attachments to recipients.194195196197198199 |
G0129 | Mustang Panda | Mustang Panda has used spearphishing attachments to deliver initial access payloads.162163164 |
G0019 | Naikon | Naikon has used malicious e-mail attachments to deliver malware.80 |
S0198 | NETWIRE | NETWIRE has been spread via e-mail campaigns utilizing malicious attachments.2627 |
G0133 | Nomadic Octopus | Nomadic Octopus has targeted victims with spearphishing emails containing malicious attachments.15215 |
S0346 | OceanSalt | OceanSalt has been delivered via spearphishing emails with Microsoft Office attachments.7 |
S0340 | Octopus | Octopus has been delivered via spearsphishing emails.15 |
G0049 | OilRig | OilRig has sent spearphising emails with malicious attachments to potential victims using compromised and/or spoofed email accounts.209210211 |
G0040 | Patchwork | Patchwork has used spearphishing with an attachment to deliver files with exploits to initial victims.217218219220 |
G0068 | PLATINUM | PLATINUM has sent spearphishing emails with attachments to victims as its primary initial access vector.142 |
S0428 | PoetRAT | PoetRAT was distributed via malicious Word documents.18 |
S0453 | Pony | Pony has been delivered via spearphishing attachments.21 |
S0650 | QakBot | QakBot has spread through emails with malicious attachments.52535455565758 |
S0458 | Ramsay | Ramsay has been distributed through spearphishing emails with malicious attachments.59 |
G0075 | Rancor | Rancor has attached a malicious document to an email to gain initial access.146 |
S0496 | REvil | REvil has been distributed via malicious e-mail attachments including MS Word Documents.910111213 |
S0433 | Rifdoor | Rifdoor has been distributed in e-mails with malicious Excel or Word documents.25 |
S0240 | ROKRAT | ROKRAT has been delivered via spearphishing emails that contain a malicious Hangul Office or Microsoft Word document.46 |
S0148 | RTM | RTM has been delivered via spearphishing attachments disguised as PDF documents.8 |
G0048 | RTM | RTM has used spearphishing attachments to distribute its malware.159 |
G0034 | Sandworm Team | Sandworm Team has delivered malicious Microsoft Office attachments via spearphishing emails.132133134135 |
G0104 | Sharpshooter | Sharpshooter has sent malicious attachments via emails to targets.68 |
G0121 | Sidewinder | Sidewinder has sent e-mails with malicious attachments often crafted for specific targets.100 |
G0091 | Silence | Silence has sent emails with malicious DOCX, CHM, LNK and ZIP attachments. 129130131 |
G0062 | TA459 | TA459 has targeted victims using spearphishing emails with malicious Microsoft Word attachments.124 |
G0092 | TA505 | TA505 has used spearphishing emails with malicious attachments to initially compromise victims.697071727374757677 |
G0127 | TA551 | TA551 has sent spearphishing attachments with password protected ZIP files.16178179 |
S0011 | Taidoor | Taidoor has been delivered through spearphishing emails.41 |
G0089 | The White Company | The White Company has sent phishing emails with malicious Microsoft Word attachments to victims.177 |
G0027 | Threat Group-3390 | Threat Group-3390 has used e-mail to deliver malicious attachments to victims.60 |
S0665 | ThreatNeedle | ThreatNeedle has been distributed via a malicious Word document within a spearphishing email.5 |
G0131 | Tonto Team | Tonto Team has delivered payloads via spearphishing attachments.186 |
G0134 | Transparent Tribe | Transparent Tribe has sent spearphishing e-mails with attachments to deliver malicious payloads.107108109110111 |
S0266 | TrickBot | TrickBot has used an email with an Excel sheet containing a malicious macro to deploy the malware14 |
G0081 | Tropic Trooper | Tropic Trooper sent spearphishing emails that contained malicious Microsoft Office and fake installer file attachments.9596979899 |
S0476 | Valak | Valak has been delivered via spearphishing e-mails with password protected ZIP files.16 |
S0670 | WarzoneRAT | WarzoneRAT has been distributed as a malicious attachment within an email.4243 |
G0112 | Windshift | Windshift has sent spearphishing emails with attachment to harvest credentials and deliver malware.160 |
G0090 | WIRTE | WIRTE has sent emails to intended victims with malicious MS Word and Excel attachments.62 |
G0102 | Wizard Spider | Wizard Spider has used spearphishing attachments to deliver Microsoft documents containing macros or PDFs containing malicious links to download either Emotet, Bokbot, TrickBot, or Bazar.202203 |
Mitigations
ID | Mitigation | Description |
---|---|---|
M1049 | Antivirus/Antimalware | Anti-virus can also automatically quarantine suspicious files. |
M1031 | Network Intrusion Prevention | Network intrusion prevention systems and systems designed to scan and remove malicious email attachments can be used to block activity. |
M1021 | Restrict Web-Based Content | Block unknown or unused attachments by default that should not be transmitted over email as a best practice to prevent some vectors, such as .scr, .exe, .pif, .cpl, etc. Some email scanning devices can open and analyze compressed and encrypted formats, such as zip and rar that may be used to conceal malicious attachments. |
M1054 | Software Configuration | Use anti-spoofing and email authentication mechanisms to filter messages based on validity checks of the sender domain (using SPF) and integrity of messages (using DKIM). Enabling these mechanisms within an organization (through policies such as DMARC) may enable recipients (intra-org and cross domain) to perform similar message filtering and validation.12 |
M1017 | User Training | Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and spearphishing emails. |
Detection
ID | Data Source | Data Component |
---|---|---|
DS0015 | Application Log | Application Log Content |
DS0022 | File | File Creation |
DS0029 | Network Traffic | Network Traffic Content |
References
-
Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020. ↩
-
Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved October 19, 2020. ↩
-
Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 30, 2020. ↩
-
Arsene, L. (2020, April 21). Oil & Gas Spearphishing Campaigns Drop Agent Tesla Spyware in Advance of Historic OPEC+ Deal. Retrieved May 19, 2020. ↩
-
Vyacheslav Kopeytsev and Seongsu Park. (2021, February 25). Lazarus targets defense industry with ThreatNeedle. Retrieved October 27, 2021. ↩↩
-
Amnesty International. (2021, February 24). Vietnamese activists targeted by notorious hacking group. Retrieved March 1, 2021. ↩↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A. (2018, October 18). ‘Operation Oceansalt’ Attacks South Korea, U.S., and Canada With Source Code From Chinese Hacker Group. Retrieved November 30, 2018. ↩
-
Duncan, B., Harbison, M. (2019, January 23). Russian Language Malspam Pushing Redaman Banking Malware. Retrieved June 16, 2020. ↩
-
Han, Karsten. (2019, June 4). Strange Bits: Sodinokibi Spam, CinaRAT, and Fake G DATA. Retrieved August 4, 2020. ↩
-
Cylance. (2019, July 3). hreat Spotlight: Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020. ↩
-
Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, September 24). REvil/Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020. ↩
-
McAfee. (2019, October 2). McAfee ATR Analyzes Sodinokibi aka REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service – What The Code Tells Us. Retrieved August 4, 2020. ↩
-
Ozarslan, S. (2020, January 15). A Brief History of Sodinokibi. Retrieved August 5, 2020. ↩
-
Llimos, N., Pascual, C.. (2019, February 12). Trickbot Adds Remote Application Credential-Grabbing Capabilities to Its Repertoire. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ↩
-
Cherepanov, A. (2018, October 4). Nomadic Octopus Cyber espionage in Central Asia. Retrieved October 13, 2021. ↩↩
-
Duncan, B. (2020, July 24). Evolution of Valak, from Its Beginnings to Mass Distribution. Retrieved August 31, 2020. ↩↩
-
eSentire. (2021, July 21). Notorious Cybercrime Gang, FIN7, Lands Malware in Law Firm Using Fake Legal Complaint Against Jack Daniels’ Owner, Brown-Forman Inc.. Retrieved September 20, 2021. ↩↩
-
Mercer, W, et al. (2020, April 16). PoetRAT: Python RAT uses COVID-19 lures to target Azerbaijan public and private sectors. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ↩
-
Sierra, E., Iglesias, G.. (2018, April 24). Metamorfo Campaigns Targeting Brazilian Users. Retrieved July 30, 2020. ↩
-
ESET Research. (2019, October 3). Casbaneiro: peculiarities of this banking Trojan that affects Brazil and Mexico. Retrieved September 23, 2021. ↩
-
hasherezade. (2016, April 11). No money, but Pony! From a mail to a trojan horse. Retrieved May 21, 2020. ↩
-
Anubhav, A., Jallepalli, D. (2016, September 23). Hancitor (AKA Chanitor) observed using multiple attack approaches. Retrieved August 13, 2020. ↩
-
Accenture iDefense Unit. (2019, March 5). Mudcarp’s Focus on Submarine Technologies. Retrieved August 24, 2021. ↩
-
Hada, H. (2021, December 28). Flagpro The new malware used by BlackTech. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ↩↩
-
Knight, S.. (2020, April 16). VMware Carbon Black TAU Threat Analysis: The Evolution of Lazarus. Retrieved May 1, 2020. ↩
-
Duncan, B. (2020, April 3). GuLoader: Malspam Campaign Installing NetWire RAT. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ↩
-
Proofpoint. (2020, December 2). Geofenced NetWire Campaigns. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ↩
-
CIS. (2017, April 28). Emotet Changes TTPs and Arrives in United States. Retrieved January 17, 2019. ↩
-
Smith, A.. (2017, December 22). Protect your network from Emotet Trojan with Malwarebytes Endpoint Security. Retrieved January 17, 2019. ↩
-
Symantec. (2018, July 18). The Evolution of Emotet: From Banking Trojan to Threat Distributor. Retrieved March 25, 2019. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2018, July 20). Alert (TA18-201A) Emotet Malware. Retrieved March 25, 2019. ↩
-
Brumaghin, E.. (2019, January 15). Emotet re-emerges after the holidays. Retrieved March 25, 2019. ↩
-
Trend Micro. (2019, January 16). Exploring Emotet’s Activities . Retrieved March 25, 2019. ↩
-
Özarslan, S. (2018, December 21). The Christmas Card you never wanted - A new wave of Emotet is back to wreak havoc. Retrieved March 25, 2019. ↩
-
Lee, S.. (2019, April 24). Emotet Using WMI to Launch PowerShell Encoded Code. Retrieved May 24, 2019. ↩
-
Kessem, L., et al. (2017, November 13). New Banking Trojan IcedID Discovered by IBM X-Force Research. Retrieved July 14, 2020. ↩
-
MSTIC. (2021, May 28). Breaking down NOBELIUM’s latest early-stage toolset. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 – North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020. ↩
-
Check Point. (2020, November 26). Bandook: Signed & Delivered. Retrieved May 31, 2021. ↩
-
Kimayong, P. (2020, June 18). COVID-19 and FMLA Campaigns used to install new IcedID banking malware. Retrieved July 14, 2020. ↩
-
Trend Micro. (2012). The Taidoor Campaign. Retrieved November 12, 2014. ↩
-
Harakhavik, Y. (2020, February 3). Warzone: Behind the enemy lines. Retrieved December 17, 2021. ↩
-
Uptycs Threat Research Team. (2021, January 12). Confucius APT deploys Warzone RAT. Retrieved December 17, 2021. ↩↩
-
Threat Intelligence Team. (2021, August 23). New variant of Konni malware used in campaign targetting Russia. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ↩
-
Salem, E. (2020, November 17). CHAES: Novel Malware Targeting Latin American E-Commerce. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ↩
-
Jazi, Hossein. (2021, January 6). Retrohunting APT37: North Korean APT used VBA self decode technique to inject RokRat. Retrieved March 22, 2022. ↩
-
Mercer, W., et al. (2020, March 5). Bisonal: 10 years of play. Retrieved January 26, 2022. ↩
-
Jazi, H. (2021, June 1). Kimsuky APT continues to target South Korean government using AppleSeed backdoor. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ↩↩
-
Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022. ↩
-
Muhammad, I., Unterbrink, H.. (2021, January 6). A Deep Dive into Lokibot Infection Chain. Retrieved August 31, 2021. ↩
-
GReAT. (2020, July 14). The Tetrade: Brazilian banking malware goes global. Retrieved November 9, 2020. ↩
-
Mendoza, E. et al. (2020, May 25). Qakbot Resurges, Spreads through VBS Files. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Sette, N. et al. (2020, June 4). Qakbot Malware Now Exfiltrating Emails for Sophisticated Thread Hijacking Attacks. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Trend Micro. (2020, December 17). QAKBOT: A decade-old malware still with new tricks. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Cyberint. (2021, May 25). Qakbot Banking Trojan. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Morrow, D. (2021, April 15). The rise of QakBot. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Kuzmenko, A. et al. (2021, September 2). QakBot technical analysis. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Group IB. (2020, September). LOCK LIKE A PRO. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Antiy CERT. (2020, April 20). Analysis of Ramsay components of Darkhotel’s infiltration and isolation network. Retrieved March 24, 2021. ↩
-
Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021. ↩↩
-
Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 24, 2021. ↩↩
-
Yamout, M. (2021, November 29). WIRTE’s campaign in the Middle East ‘living off the land’ since at least 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2022. ↩
-
Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018. ↩
-
CISA. (2021, July 19). (AA21-200A) Joint Cybersecurity Advisory – Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of Indicted APT40 Actors Associated with China’s MSS Hainan State Security Department.. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ↩
-
GReAT. (2019, April 10). Gaza Cybergang Group1, operation SneakyPastes. Retrieved May 13, 2020. ↩
-
Falcone, R., et al. (2020, March 3). Molerats Delivers Spark Backdoor to Government and Telecommunications Organizations. Retrieved December 14, 2020. ↩
-
Cybereason Nocturnus Team. (2020, December 9). MOLERATS IN THE CLOUD: New Malware Arsenal Abuses Cloud Platforms in Middle East Espionage Campaign. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A., et. al.. (2018, December 18). Operation Sharpshooter Campaign Targets Global Defense, Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 14, 2020. ↩
-
Proofpoint Staff. (2017, September 27). Threat Actor Profile: TA505, From Dridex to GlobeImposter. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ↩
-
Proofpoint Staff. (2018, June 8). TA505 shifts with the times. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ↩
-
Schwarz, D. and Proofpoint Staff. (2019, January 9). ServHelper and FlawedGrace - New malware introduced by TA505. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ↩
-
Salem, E. (2019, April 25). Threat Actor TA505 Targets Financial Enterprises Using LOLBins and a New Backdoor Malware. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ↩
-
Proofpoint Staff. (2018, July 19). TA505 Abusing SettingContent-ms within PDF files to Distribute FlawedAmmyy RAT. Retrieved April 19, 2019. ↩
-
Proofpoint Staff. (2018, March 7). Leaked Ammyy Admin Source Code Turned into Malware. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ↩
-
Hiroaki, H. and Lu, L. (2019, June 12). Shifting Tactics: Breaking Down TA505 Group’s Use of HTML, RATs and Other Techniques in Latest Campaigns. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ↩
-
Schwarz, D. et al. (2019, October 16). TA505 Distributes New SDBbot Remote Access Trojan with Get2 Downloader. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ↩
-
Frydrych, M. (2020, April 14). TA505 Continues to Infect Networks With SDBbot RAT. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ↩
-
Falcone, R., et al. (2018, August 02). The Gorgon Group: Slithering Between Nation State and Cybercrime. Retrieved August 7, 2018. ↩
-
Bermejo, L., et al. (2017, June 22). Following the Trail of BlackTech’s Cyber Espionage Campaigns. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ↩
-
CheckPoint. (2020, May 7). Naikon APT: Cyber Espionage Reloaded. Retrieved May 26, 2020. ↩
-
Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019. ↩
-
Adamitis, D. et al. (2019, June 4). It’s alive: Threat actors cobble together open-source pieces into monstrous Frankenstein campaign. Retrieved May 11, 2020. ↩
-
Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018. ↩
-
Positive Technologies. (2017, August 16). Cobalt Strikes Back: An Evolving Multinational Threat to Finance. Retrieved September 5, 2018. ↩
-
Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ↩
-
Matveeva, V. (2017, August 15). Secrets of Cobalt. Retrieved October 10, 2018. ↩
-
Mesa, M, et al. (2017, June 1). Microsoft Word Intruder Integrates CVE-2017-0199, Utilized by Cobalt Group to Target Financial Institutions. Retrieved October 10, 2018. ↩
-
Klijnsma, Y.. (2017, November 28). Gaffe Reveals Full List of Targets in Spear Phishing Attack Using Cobalt Strike Against Financial Institutions. Retrieved October 10, 2018. ↩
-
Unit 42. (2018, October 25). New Techniques to Uncover and Attribute Financial actors Commodity Builders and Infrastructure Revealed. Retrieved December 11, 2018. ↩
-
Giagone, R., Bermejo, L., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, November 20). Cobalt Strikes Again: Spam Runs Use Macros and CVE-2017-8759 Exploit Against Russian Banks. Retrieved March 7, 2019. ↩
-
Symantec Security Response. (2018, October 10). Gallmaker: New Attack Group Eschews Malware to Live off the Land. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ↩
-
QiAnXin Threat Intelligence Center. (2019, February 18). APT-C-36: Continuous Attacks Targeting Colombian Government Institutions and Corporations. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ↩
-
Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016. ↩
-
Visa Public. (2019, February). FIN6 Cybercrime Group Expands Threat to eCommerce Merchants. Retrieved September 16, 2019. ↩
-
Ray, V. (2016, November 22). Tropic Trooper Targets Taiwanese Government and Fossil Fuel Provider With Poison Ivy. Retrieved November 9, 2018. ↩
-
Alintanahin, K. (2015). Operation Tropic Trooper: Relying on Tried-and-Tested Flaws to Infiltrate Secret Keepers. Retrieved June 14, 2019. ↩
-
Alexander, G., et al. (2018, August 8). Familiar Feeling: A Malware Campaign Targeting the Tibetan Diaspora Resurfaces. Retrieved June 17, 2019. ↩
-
Moore, S. et al. (2020, April 30). Anomali Suspects that China-Backed APT Pirate Panda May Be Seeking Access to Vietnam Government Data Center. Retrieved May 19, 2020. ↩
-
Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper’s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020. ↩
-
Hegel, T. (2021, January 13). A Global Perspective of the SideWinder APT. Retrieved January 27, 2021. ↩
-
Kakara, H., Maruyama, E. (2020, April 17). Gamaredon APT Group Use Covid-19 Lure in Campaigns. Retrieved May 19, 2020. ↩
-
Boutin, J. (2020, June 11). Gamaredon group grows its game. Retrieved June 16, 2020. ↩
-
CERT-EE. (2021, January 27). Gamaredon Infection: From Dropper to Entry. Retrieved February 17, 2022. ↩
-
Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2022, February 4). ACTINIUM targets Ukrainian organizations. Retrieved February 18, 2022. ↩
-
Unit 42. (2022, February 3). Russia’s Gamaredon aka Primitive Bear APT Group Actively Targeting Ukraine. Retrieved February 21, 2022. ↩
-
Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON TILDEN. Retrieved February 24, 2022. ↩
-
Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016. ↩
-
Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ↩
-
Malhotra, A. (2021, March 2). ObliqueRAT returns with new campaign using hijacked websites. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ↩
-
Malhotra, A. et al. (2021, May 13). Transparent Tribe APT expands its Windows malware arsenal. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ↩
-
Falcone, R. and Conant S. (2016, March 25). ProjectM: Link Found Between Pakistani Actor and Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ↩
-
Foltýn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018. ↩
-
Dahan, A. (2017, May 24). OPERATION COBALT KITTY: A LARGE-SCALE APT IN ASIA CARRIED OUT BY THE OCEANLOTUS GROUP. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ↩
-
Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018. ↩
-
Dumont, R. (2019, March 20). Fake or Fake: Keeping up with OceanLotus decoys. Retrieved April 1, 2019. ↩
-
Henderson, S., et al. (2020, April 22). Vietnamese Threat Actors APT32 Targeting Wuhan Government and Chinese Ministry of Emergency Management in Latest Example of COVID-19 Related Espionage. Retrieved April 28, 2020. ↩
-
An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021. ↩
-
Cimpanu, C.. (2018, December 5). Cyber-espionage group uses Chrome extension to infect victims. Retrieved August 26, 2019. ↩
-
Dahan, A. et al. (2020, November 2). Back to the Future: Inside the Kimsuky KGH Spyware Suite. Retrieved November 6, 2020. ↩
-
Kim, J. et al. (2019, October). KIMSUKY GROUP: TRACKING THE KING OF THE SPEAR PHISHING. Retrieved November 2, 2020. ↩
-
KISA. (n.d.). Phishing Target Reconnaissance and Attack Resource Analysis Operation Muzabi. Retrieved March 7, 2022. ↩
-
Tarakanov , D.. (2013, September 11). The “Kimsuky” Operation: A North Korean APT?. Retrieved August 13, 2019. ↩
-
ThreatConnect. (2020, September 28). Kimsuky Phishing Operations Putting In Work. Retrieved October 30, 2020. ↩
-
Axel F. (2017, April 27). APT Targets Financial Analysts with CVE-2017-0199. Retrieved February 15, 2018. ↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 08). Hidden Cobra Targets Turkish Financial Sector With New Bankshot Implant. Retrieved May 18, 2018. ↩
-
Cashman, M. (2020, July 29). Operation North Star Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021. ↩
-
Saini, A. and Hossein, J. (2022, January 27). North Korea’s Lazarus APT leverages Windows Update client, GitHub in latest campaign. Retrieved January 27, 2022. ↩
-
Pradhan, A. (2022, February 8). LolZarus: Lazarus Group Incorporating Lolbins into Campaigns. Retrieved March 22, 2022. ↩
-
Skulkin, O.. (2019, January 20). Silence: Dissecting Malicious CHM Files and Performing Forensic Analysis. Retrieved May 24, 2019. ↩
-
GReAT. (2017, November 1). Silence – a new Trojan attacking financial organizations. Retrieved May 24, 2019. ↩
-
Group-IB. (2018, September). Silence: Moving Into the Darkside. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ↩
-
Ward, S.. (2014, October 14). iSIGHT discovers zero-day vulnerability CVE-2014-4114 used in Russian cyber-espionage campaign. Retrieved June 10, 2020. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2016, February 25). ICS Alert (IR-ALERT-H-16-056-01) Cyber-Attack Against Ukrainian Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved June 10, 2020. ↩
-
Cherepanov, A.. (2016, December 13). The rise of TeleBots: Analyzing disruptive KillDisk attacks. Retrieved June 10, 2020. ↩
-
Scott W. Brady. (2020, October 15). United States vs. Yuriy Sergeyevich Andrienko et al.. Retrieved November 25, 2020. ↩
-
Yonathan Klijnsma. (2016, May 17). Mofang: A politically motivated information stealing adversary. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ↩
-
Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, June 4). New LNK attack tied to Higaisa APT discovered. Retrieved March 2, 2021. ↩
-
Singh, S. Singh, A. (2020, June 11). The Return on the Higaisa APT. Retrieved March 2, 2021. ↩
-
DiMaggio, J. (2016, April 28). Tick cyberespionage group zeros in on Japan. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ↩
-
Chen, J. et al. (2019, November). Operation ENDTRADE: TICK’s Multi-Stage Backdoors for Attacking Industries and Stealing Classified Data. Retrieved June 9, 2020. ↩
-
FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, December 1). China-based Cyber Threat Group Uses Dropbox for Malware Communications and Targets Hong Kong Media Outlets. Retrieved December 4, 2015. ↩
-
Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018. ↩
-
Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ↩
-
Kizhakkinan, D. et al.. (2016, May 11). Threat Actor Leverages Windows Zero-day Exploit in Payment Card Data Attacks. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ↩
-
Elovitz, S. & Ahl, I. (2016, August 18). Know Your Enemy: New Financially-Motivated & Spear-Phishing Group. Retrieved February 26, 2018. ↩
-
Ash, B., et al. (2018, June 26). RANCOR: Targeted Attacks in South East Asia Using PLAINTEE and DDKONG Malware Families. Retrieved July 2, 2018. ↩
-
Lakshmanan, R.. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT Hacking Campaign Targets the Afghan Government. Retrieved September 24, 2021. ↩
-
CheckPoint Research. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT continues to attack Central Asia with evolving tools. Retrieved September 24, 2021. ↩
-
GReAT. (2021, June 16). Ferocious Kitten: 6 Years of Covert Surveillance in Iran. Retrieved September 22, 2021. ↩
-
O’Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved February 15, 2018. ↩
-
Clayton, M.. (2012, September 14). Stealing US business secrets: Experts ID two huge cyber ‘gangs’ in China. Retrieved February 15, 2018. ↩
-
Paganini, P. (2018, October 16). Russia-linked APT group DustSquad targets diplomatic entities in Central Asia. Retrieved August 24, 2021. ↩
-
F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015. ↩
-
Dunwoody, M., et al. (2018, November 19). Not So Cozy: An Uncomfortable Examination of a Suspected APT29 Phishing Campaign. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ↩
-
Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2019, October). OPERATION GHOST. Retrieved September 23, 2020. ↩
-
Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2021, May 27). New sophisticated email-based attack from NOBELIUM. Retrieved May 28, 2021. ↩
-
ESET. (2022, February). THREAT REPORT T3 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2022. ↩
-
Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON HEMLOCK. Retrieved February 22, 2022. ↩
-
Skulkin, O. (2019, August 5). Following the RTM Forensic examination of a computer infected with a banking trojan. Retrieved May 11, 2020. ↩
-
Karim, T. (2018, August). TRAILS OF WINDSHIFT. Retrieved June 25, 2020. ↩
-
FireEye Labs. (2015, April). APT30 AND THE MECHANICS OF A LONG-RUNNING CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATION. Retrieved May 1, 2015. ↩
-
Insikt Group. (2020, July 28). CHINESE STATE-SPONSORED GROUP ‘REDDELTA’ TARGETS THE VATICAN AND CATHOLIC ORGANIZATIONS. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ↩
-
Proofpoint Threat Research Team. (2020, November 23). TA416 Goes to Ground and Returns with a Golang PlugX Malware Loader. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ↩
-
Huntley, S. (2022, March 7). An update on the threat landscape. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ↩
-
AhnLab. (2018, June 23). Targeted attacks by Andariel Threat Group, a subgroup of the Lazarus. Retrieved September 29, 2021. ↩
-
Jazi, H. (2021, April 19). Lazarus APT conceals malicious code within BMP image to drop its RAT . Retrieved September 29, 2021. ↩
-
Kaspersky Global Research and Analysis Team. (2014, August 20). El Machete. Retrieved September 13, 2019. ↩
-
ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019. ↩
-
kate. (2020, September 25). APT-C-43 steals Venezuelan military secrets to provide intelligence support for the reactionaries — HpReact campaign. Retrieved November 20, 2020. ↩
-
Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ↩
-
Falcone, R. (2018, August 07). DarkHydrus Uses Phishery to Harvest Credentials in the Middle East. Retrieved August 10, 2018. ↩
-
Unit 42. (2017, December 15). Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ↩
-
FireEye. (2018, February 20). APT37 (Reaper): The Overlooked North Korean Actor. Retrieved March 1, 2018. ↩
-
Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, January 16). Korea In The Crosshairs. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ↩
-
GReAT. (2019, May 13). ScarCruft continues to evolve, introduces Bluetooth harvester. Retrieved June 4, 2019. ↩
-
Check Point Software Technologies. (2015). ROCKET KITTEN: A CAMPAIGN WITH 9 LIVES. Retrieved March 16, 2018. ↩
-
Livelli, K, et al. (2018, November 12). Operation Shaheen. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ↩
-
Duncan, B. (2021, January 7). TA551: Email Attack Campaign Switches from Valak to IcedID. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ↩
-
Secureworks. (n.d.). GOLD CABIN Threat Profile. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ↩
-
Vengerik, B. et al.. (2014, December 5). Hacking the Street? FIN4 Likely Playing the Market. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ↩
-
Vengerik, B. & Dennesen, K.. (2014, December 5). Hacking the Street? FIN4 Likely Playing the Market. Retrieved January 15, 2019. ↩
-
Slowik, J. (2021, October). THE BAFFLING BERSERK BEAR: A DECADE’S ACTIVITY TARGETING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. Retrieved December 6, 2021. ↩
-
Hawley et al. (2019, January 29). APT39: An Iranian Cyber Espionage Group Focused on Personal Information. Retrieved February 19, 2019. ↩
-
Symantec. (2018, February 28). Chafer: Latest Attacks Reveal Heightened Ambitions. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ↩
-
FBI. (2020, September 17). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Rana Intelligence Computing, also known as Advanced Persistent Threat 39, Chafer, Cadelspy, Remexi, and ITG07. Retrieved December 10, 2020. ↩
-
Daniel Lughi, Jaromir Horejsi. (2020, October 2). Tonto Team - Exploring the TTPs of an advanced threat actor operating a large infrastructure. Retrieved October 17, 2021. ↩
-
Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2015, August 10). Darkhotel’s attacks in 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2018. ↩
-
Microsoft. (2016, July 14). Reverse engineering DUBNIUM – Stage 2 payload analysis . Retrieved March 31, 2021. ↩
-
Microsoft Threat Protection Intelligence Team. (2020, June 18). Inside Microsoft Threat Protection: Mapping attack chains from cloud to endpoint. Retrieved June 22, 2020. ↩
-
PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper: Technical Annex. Retrieved April 13, 2017. ↩
-
FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, April 6). APT10 (MenuPass Group): New Tools, Global Campaign Latest Manifestation of Longstanding Threat. Retrieved June 29, 2017. ↩
-
Matsuda, A., Muhammad I. (2018, September 13). APT10 Targeting Japanese Corporations Using Updated TTPs. Retrieved September 17, 2018. ↩
-
US District Court Southern District of New York. (2018, December 17). United States v. Zhu Hua Indictment. Retrieved December 17, 2020. ↩
-
Lancaster, T.. (2017, November 14). Muddying the Water: Targeted Attacks in the Middle East. Retrieved March 15, 2018. ↩
-
Singh, S. et al.. (2018, March 13). Iranian Threat Group Updates Tactics, Techniques and Procedures in Spear Phishing Campaign. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↩
-
Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, October 10). MuddyWater expands operations. Retrieved November 2, 2018. ↩
-
ClearSky. (2019, June). Iranian APT group ‘MuddyWater’ Adds Exploits to Their Arsenal. Retrieved May 14, 2020. ↩
-
Mele, G. et al. (2021, February 10). Probable Iranian Cyber Actors, Static Kitten, Conducting Cyberespionage Campaign Targeting UAE and Kuwait Government Agencies. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ↩
-
Peretz, A. and Theck, E. (2021, March 5). Earth Vetala – MuddyWater Continues to Target Organizations in the Middle East. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ↩
-
Moran, N., Oppenheim, M., Engle, S., & Wartell, R.. (2014, September 3). Darwin’s Favorite APT Group [Blog]. Retrieved November 12, 2014. ↩
-
Sancho, D., et al. (2012, May 22). IXESHE An APT Campaign. Retrieved June 7, 2019. ↩
-
John, E. and Carvey, H. (2019, May 30). Unraveling the Spiderweb: Timelining ATT&CK Artifacts Used by GRIM SPIDER. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ↩
-
Brian Donohue, Katie Nickels, Paul Michaud, Adina Bodkins, Taylor Chapman, Tony Lambert, Jeff Felling, Kyle Rainey, Mike Haag, Matt Graeber, Aaron Didier.. (2020, October 29). A Bazar start: How one hospital thwarted a Ryuk ransomware outbreak. Retrieved October 30, 2020. ↩
-
DHS/CISA. (2020, August 26). FASTCash 2.0: North Korea’s BeagleBoyz Robbing Banks. Retrieved September 29, 2021. ↩
-
Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017. ↩
-
Department of Justice. (2018, August 01). HOW FIN7 ATTACKED AND STOLE DATA. Retrieved August 24, 2018. ↩
-
Platt, J. and Reeves, J.. (2019, March). FIN7 Revisited: Inside Astra Panel and SQLRat Malware. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ↩
-
Loui, E. and Reynolds, J. (2021, August 30). CARBON SPIDER Embraces Big Game Hunting, Part 1. Retrieved September 20, 2021. ↩
-
Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, February 23). OopsIE! OilRig Uses ThreeDollars to Deliver New Trojan. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ↩
-
Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, July 25). OilRig Targets Technology Service Provider and Government Agency with QUADAGENT. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ↩
-
Meyers, A. (2018, November 27). Meet CrowdStrike’s Adversary of the Month for November: HELIX KITTEN. Retrieved December 18, 2018. ↩
-
GReAT. (2014, December 10). Cloud Atlas: RedOctober APT is back in style. Retrieved May 8, 2020. ↩
-
Symantec. (2018, March 14). Inception Framework: Alive and Well, and Hiding Behind Proxies. Retrieved May 8, 2020. ↩
-
Lancaster, T. (2018, November 5). Inception Attackers Target Europe with Year-old Office Vulnerability. Retrieved May 8, 2020. ↩
-
GReAT. (2019, August 12). Recent Cloud Atlas activity. Retrieved May 8, 2020. ↩
-
Ahl, I. (2017, June 06). Privileges and Credentials: Phished at the Request of Counsel. Retrieved May 17, 2018. ↩
-
Cymmetria. (2016). Unveiling Patchwork - The Copy-Paste APT. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ↩
-
Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, July 8). The Dropping Elephant – aggressive cyber-espionage in the Asian region. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ↩
-
Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018. ↩
-
Meltzer, M, et al. (2018, June 07). Patchwork APT Group Targets US Think Tanks. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ↩
-
Lee, B, et al. (2018, February 28). Sofacy Attacks Multiple Government Entities. Retrieved March 15, 2018. ↩
-
Falcone, R. (2018, March 15). Sofacy Uses DealersChoice to Target European Government Agency. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ↩
-
Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, June 06). Sofacy Group’s Parallel Attacks. Retrieved June 18, 2018. ↩
-
Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved September 13, 2018. ↩
-
Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, February 20). A Slice of 2017 Sofacy Activity. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ↩
-
Accenture Security. (2018, November 29). SNAKEMACKEREL. Retrieved April 15, 2019. ↩
-
Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm’s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021. ↩
-
Secureworks CTU. (2017, March 30). IRON TWILIGHT Supports Active Measures. Retrieved February 28, 2022. ↩