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T1110 Brute Force

Adversaries may use brute force techniques to gain access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained. Without knowledge of the password for an account or set of accounts, an adversary may systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism. Brute forcing passwords can take place via interaction with a service that will check the validity of those credentials or offline against previously acquired credential data, such as password hashes.

Brute forcing credentials may take place at various points during a breach. For example, adversaries may attempt to brute force access to Valid Accounts within a victim environment leveraging knowledge gathered from other post-compromise behaviors such as OS Credential Dumping, Account Discovery, or Password Policy Discovery. Adversaries may also combine brute forcing activity with behaviors such as External Remote Services as part of Initial Access.

Item Value
ID T1110
Sub-techniques T1110.001, T1110.002, T1110.003, T1110.004
Tactics TA0006
Platforms Azure AD, Containers, Google Workspace, IaaS, Linux, Network, Office 365, SaaS, Windows, macOS
Version 2.5
Created 31 May 2017
Last Modified 14 April 2023

Procedure Examples

ID Name Description
C0025 2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack During the 2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack, Sandworm Team used a script to attempt RPC authentication against a number of hosts.26
G0007 APT28 APT28 can perform brute force attacks to obtain credentials.171819
G0082 APT38 APT38 has used brute force techniques to attempt account access when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are unavailable.14
G0087 APT39 APT39 has used Ncrack to reveal credentials.13
S0572 Caterpillar WebShell Caterpillar WebShell has a module to perform brute force attacks on a system.5
S0220 Chaos Chaos conducts brute force attacks against SSH services to gain initial access.7
S0488 CrackMapExec CrackMapExec can brute force supplied user credentials across a network range.3
G0105 DarkVishnya DarkVishnya used brute-force attack to obtain login data.24
G0035 Dragonfly Dragonfly has attempted to brute force credentials to gain access.21
G0053 FIN5 FIN5 has has used the tool GET2 Penetrator to look for remote login and hard-coded credentials.2223
G0117 Fox Kitten Fox Kitten has brute forced RDP credentials.20
G1001 HEXANE HEXANE has used brute force attacks to compromise valid credentials.12
S0599 Kinsing Kinsing has attempted to brute force hosts over SSH.6
G0049 OilRig OilRig has used brute force techniques to obtain credentials.15
C0022 Operation Dream Job During Operation Dream Job, Lazarus Group performed brute force attacks against administrator accounts.25
S0378 PoshC2 PoshC2 has modules for brute forcing local administrator and AD user accounts.4
S0583 Pysa Pysa has used brute force attempts against a central management console, as well as some Active Directory accounts.11
S0650 QakBot QakBot can conduct brute force attacks to capture credentials.8910
G0010 Turla Turla may attempt to connect to systems within a victim’s network using net use commands and a predefined list or collection of passwords.16

Mitigations

ID Mitigation Description
M1036 Account Use Policies Set account lockout policies after a certain number of failed login attempts to prevent passwords from being guessed. Too strict a policy may create a denial of service condition and render environments un-usable, with all accounts used in the brute force being locked-out. Use conditional access policies to block logins from non-compliant devices or from outside defined organization IP ranges.1
M1032 Multi-factor Authentication Use multi-factor authentication. Where possible, also enable multi-factor authentication on externally facing services.
M1027 Password Policies Refer to NIST guidelines when creating password policies.2
M1018 User Account Management Proactively reset accounts that are known to be part of breached credentials either immediately, or after detecting bruteforce attempts.

Detection

ID Data Source Data Component
DS0015 Application Log Application Log Content
DS0017 Command Command Execution
DS0002 User Account User Account Authentication

References

  1. Microsoft. (2022, December 14). Conditional Access templates. Retrieved February 21, 2023. ↩

  2. Grassi, P., et al. (2017, December 1). SP 800-63-3, Digital Identity Guidelines. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ↩

  3. byt3bl33d3r. (2018, September 8). SMB: Command Reference. Retrieved July 17, 2020. ↩

  4. Nettitude. (2018, July 23). Python Server for PoshC2. Retrieved April 23, 2019. ↩

  5. ClearSky Cyber Security. (2021, January). “Lebanese Cedar” APT Global Lebanese Espionage Campaign Leveraging Web Servers. Retrieved February 10, 2021. ↩

  6. Singer, G. (2020, April 3). Threat Alert: Kinsing Malware Attacks Targeting Container Environments. Retrieved April 1, 2021. ↩

  7. Sebastian Feldmann. (2018, February 14). Chaos: a Stolen Backdoor Rising Again. Retrieved March 5, 2018. ↩

  8. Sette, N. et al. (2020, June 4). Qakbot Malware Now Exfiltrating Emails for Sophisticated Thread Hijacking Attacks. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩

  9. CS. (2020, October 7). Duck Hunting with Falcon Complete: A Fowl Banking Trojan Evolves, Part 2. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩

  10. Kuzmenko, A. et al. (2021, September 2). QakBot technical analysis. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩

  11. CERT-FR. (2020, April 1). ATTACKS INVOLVING THE MESPINOZA/PYSA RANSOMWARE. Retrieved March 1, 2021. ↩

  12. SecureWorks 2019, August 27 LYCEUM Takes Center Stage in Middle East Campaign Retrieved. 2019/11/19  ↩

  13. Hawley et al. (2019, January 29). APT39: An Iranian Cyber Espionage Group Focused on Personal Information. Retrieved February 19, 2019. ↩

  14. DHS/CISA. (2020, August 26). FASTCash 2.0: North Korea’s BeagleBoyz Robbing Banks. Retrieved September 29, 2021. ↩

  15. Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ↩

  16. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research and Analysis Team. (2014, August 7). The Epic Turla Operation: Solving some of the mysteries of Snake/Uroburos. Retrieved December 11, 2014. ↩

  17. Hacquebord, F. (n.d.). Pawn Storm in 2019 A Year of Scanning and Credential Phishing on High-Profile Targets. Retrieved December 29, 2020. ↩

  18. Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm’s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021. ↩

  19. Burt, T. (2020, September 10). New cyberattacks targeting U.S. elections. Retrieved March 24, 2021. ↩

  20. ClearSky. (2020, December 17). Pay2Key Ransomware – A New Campaign by Fox Kitten. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ↩

  21. CISA. (2020, December 1). Russian State-Sponsored Advanced Persistent Threat Actor Compromises U.S. Government Targets. Retrieved December 9, 2021. ↩

  22. Higgins, K. (2015, October 13). Prolific Cybercrime Gang Favors Legit Login Credentials. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ↩

  23. Bromiley, M. and Lewis, P. (2016, October 7). Attacking the Hospitality and Gaming Industries: Tracking an Attacker Around the World in 7 Years. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ↩

  24. Golovanov, S. (2018, December 6). DarkVishnya: Banks attacked through direct connection to local network. Retrieved May 15, 2020. ↩

  25. Breitenbacher, D and Osis, K. (2020, June 17). OPERATION IN(TER)CEPTION: Targeted Attacks Against European Aerospace and Military Companies. Retrieved December 20, 2021. ↩

  26. Joe Slowik. (2018, October 12). Anatomy of an Attack: Detecting and Defeating CRASHOVERRIDE. Retrieved December 18, 2020. ↩