Skip to content

T1070.004 File Deletion

Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary (ex: Ingress Tool Transfer) may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary’s footprint.

There are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well.1 Examples of built-in Command and Scripting Interpreter functions include del on Windows, rm or unlink on Linux and macOS, and rm on ESXi.

Item Value
ID T1070.004
Sub-techniques T1070.001, T1070.002, T1070.003, T1070.004, T1070.005, T1070.006, T1070.007, T1070.008, T1070.009, T1070.010
Tactics TA0005
Platforms ESXi, Linux, Windows, macOS
Version 1.2
Created 31 January 2020
Last Modified 24 October 2025

Procedure Examples

ID Name Description
C0028 2015 Ukraine Electric Power Attack During the 2015 Ukraine Electric Power Attack, vba_macro.exe deletes itself after FONTCACHE.DAT, rundll32.exe, and the associated .lnk file is delivered. 336
S1167 AcidPour AcidPour includes a self-delete function where the malware deletes itself from disk after execution and program load into memory.236
S0045 ADVSTORESHELL ADVSTORESHELL can delete files and directories.90
S0504 Anchor Anchor can self delete its dropper after the malware is successfully deployed.221
S1133 Apostle Apostle writes batch scripts to disk, such as system.bat and remover.bat, that perform various anti-analysis and anti-forensic tasks, before finally deleting themselves at the end of execution. Apostle attempts to delete itself after encryption or wiping operations are complete and before shutting down the victim machine.233
S0584 AppleJeus AppleJeus has deleted the MSI file after installation.21
S0622 AppleSeed AppleSeed can delete files from a compromised host after they are exfiltrated.211
G0026 APT18 APT18 actors deleted tools and batch files from victim systems.293
G0007 APT28 APT28 has intentionally deleted computer files to cover their tracks, including with use of the program CCleaner.292
G0016 APT29 APT29 has used SDelete to remove artifacts from victim networks.290
G0022 APT3 APT3 has a tool that can delete files.310
G0050 APT32 APT32’s macOS backdoor can receive a “delete” command.303
G0082 APT38 APT38 has used a utility called CLOSESHAVE that can securely delete a file from the system. They have also removed malware, tools, or other non-native files used during the intrusion to reduce their footprint or as part of the post-intrusion cleanup process.274273
G0087 APT39 APT39 has used malware to delete files after they are deployed on a compromised host.289
G0096 APT41 APT41 deleted files from the system.131288
C0040 APT41 DUST APT41 DUST deleted various artifacts from victim systems following use.335
G1023 APT5 APT5 has deleted scripts and web shells to evade detection.305306
G0143 Aquatic Panda Aquatic Panda has deleted malicious executables from compromised machines.265264
C0046 ArcaneDoor ArcaneDoor included multiple instances of file deletion or removal during execution and other adversary actions.224340
S0456 Aria-body Aria-body has the ability to delete files and directories on compromised hosts.101
S0438 Attor Attor’s plugin deletes the collected files and log files after exfiltration.220
S0347 AuditCred AuditCred can delete files from the system.48
S0344 Azorult Azorult can delete files from victim machines.24
S0414 BabyShark BabyShark has cleaned up all files associated with the secondary payload execution.147
S0475 BackConfig BackConfig has the ability to remove files and folders related to previous infections.118
S0093 Backdoor.Oldrea Backdoor.Oldrea contains a cleanup module that removes traces of itself from the victim.35
S1081 BADHATCH BADHATCH has the ability to delete PowerShell scripts from a compromised machine.158
S0234 Bandook Bandook has a command to delete a file.210
S0239 Bankshot Bankshot marks files to be deleted upon the next system reboot and uninstalls and removes itself from the system.32
S0534 Bazar Bazar can delete its loader using a batch file in the Windows temporary folder.193
S0127 BBSRAT BBSRAT can delete files and directories.144
S1246 BeaverTail BeaverTail has deleted files from a compromised host after they were exfiltrated.227
S0268 Bisonal Bisonal will delete its dropper and VBS scripts from the victim’s machine.272829
G1043 BlackByte BlackByte deleted ransomware executables post-encryption.277279202278
S1181 BlackByte 2.0 Ransomware BlackByte 2.0 Ransomware deletes itself following device encryption.202
S0069 BLACKCOFFEE BLACKCOFFEE has the capability to delete files.160
S0520 BLINDINGCAN BLINDINGCAN has deleted itself and associated artifacts from victim machines.116
S0657 BLUELIGHT BLUELIGHT can uninstall itself.103
S1184 BOLDMOVE BOLDMOVE can remove files on victim systems.185
S1161 BPFDoor After initial setup, BPFDoor’s original execution process deletes the dropped binary and exits.149
G0060 BRONZE BUTLER The BRONZE BUTLER uploader or malware the uploader uses command to delete the RAR archives after they have been exfiltrated.269
S1039 Bumblebee Bumblebee can uninstall its loader through the use of a Sdl command.243
C0032 C0032 During the C0032 campaign, TEMP.Veles routinely deleted tools, logs, and other files after they were finished with them.339
S0274 Calisto Calisto has the capability to use rm -rf to remove folders and files from the victim’s machine.167
S0030 Carbanak Carbanak has a command to delete files.215
S0348 Cardinal RAT Cardinal RAT can uninstall itself, including deleting its executable.162
S0462 CARROTBAT CARROTBAT has the ability to delete downloaded files from a compromised host.237
S1043 ccf32 ccf32 can delete files and folders from compromised machines.5
S0674 CharmPower CharmPower can delete created files from a compromised system.143
S0107 Cherry Picker Recent versions of Cherry Picker delete files and registry keys created by the malware.31
G0114 Chimera Chimera has performed file deletion to evade detection.312
S0106 cmd cmd can be used to delete files from the file system.6
S1105 COATHANGER COATHANGER removes files from victim environments following use in multiple instances.23
G0080 Cobalt Group Cobalt Group deleted the DLL dropper from the victim’s machine to cover their tracks.122
G1052 Contagious Interview Contagious Interview has configured malware to remove archives used in collection activities following successful exfiltration.227
S0115 Crimson Crimson has the ability to delete files from a compromised host.818082
S0498 Cryptoistic Cryptoistic has the ability delete files from a compromised host.108
S0527 CSPY Downloader CSPY Downloader has the ability to self delete.2
S0625 Cuba Cuba can use the command cmd.exe /c del to delete its artifacts from the system.91
C0029 Cutting Edge During Cutting Edge, threat actors deleted /tmp/test1.txt on compromised Ivanti Connect Secure VPNs which was used to hold stolen configuration and cache files.333332
S1014 DanBot DanBot can delete its configuration file after installation.78
S1111 DarkGate DarkGate has deleted its staging directories.63
S0673 DarkWatchman DarkWatchman has been observed deleting its original launcher after installation.25
S0354 Denis Denis has a command to delete files from the victim’s machine.1314
S0021 Derusbi Derusbi is capable of deleting files. It has been observed loading a Linux Kernel Module (LKM) and then deleting it from the hard disk as well as overwriting the data with null bytes.16445
G0035 Dragonfly Dragonfly has deleted many of its files used during operations as part of cleanup, including removing applications and deleting screenshots.295
S0502 Drovorub Drovorub can delete specific files from a compromised host.46
S0567 Dtrack Dtrack can remove its persistence and delete itself.76
S0062 DustySky DustySky can delete files it creates from the infected system.60
S0593 ECCENTRICBANDWAGON ECCENTRICBANDWAGON can delete log files generated from the malware stored at C:\windows\temp\tmp0207.16
S0081 Elise Elise is capable of launching a remote shell on the host to delete itself.170
S1247 Embargo Embargo has leveraged MDeployer to terminate the MS4Killer process, delete the decrypted payload files and a driver file dropped by MS4killer, and reboot the system.184
G1003 Ember Bear Ember Bear deletes files related to lateral movement to avoid detection.280
S0091 Epic Epic has a command to delete a file from the machine.62
S0396 EvilBunny EvilBunny has deleted the initial dropper after running through the environment checks.169
G0120 Evilnum Evilnum has deleted files used during infection.294
S0401 Exaramel for Linux Exaramel for Linux can uninstall its persistence mechanism and delete its configuration file.157
S1179 Exbyte Exbyte will self-delete if a hard-coded configuration file is not found.202
S0181 FALLCHILL FALLCHILL can delete malware and associated artifacts from the victim.69
S0512 FatDuke FatDuke can secure delete its DLL.119
S0267 FELIXROOT FELIXROOT deletes the .LNK file from the startup directory as well as the dropper components.257
S0679 Ferocious Ferocious can delete files from a compromised host.209
G0051 FIN10 FIN10 has used batch scripts and scheduled tasks to delete critical system files.266
G0053 FIN5 FIN5 uses SDelete to clean up the environment and attempt to prevent detection.275
G0037 FIN6 FIN6 has removed files from victim machines.287
G0061 FIN8 FIN8 has deleted tmp and prefetch files during post compromise cleanup activities. FIN8 has also deleted PowerShell scripts to evade detection on compromised machines.207304
S0381 FlawedAmmyy FlawedAmmyy can execute batch scripts to delete files.245
S0277 FruitFly FruitFly will delete files on the system.39
S1044 FunnyDream FunnyDream can delete files including its dropper component.5
S0410 Fysbis Fysbis has the ability to delete files.126
G0047 Gamaredon Group Gamaredon Group tools can delete files used during an operation.317319316318
S0168 Gazer Gazer has commands to delete files and persistence mechanisms from the victim.136137
S0666 Gelsemium Gelsemium can delete its dropper component from the targeted system.47
S0032 gh0st RAT gh0st RAT has the capability to to delete files.171172
S0249 Gold Dragon Gold Dragon deletes one of its files, 2.hwp, from the endpoint after establishing persistence.49
S0493 GoldenSpy GoldenSpy’s uninstaller can delete registry entries, files and folders, and finally itself once these tasks have been completed.140
S1198 Gomir Gomir deletes its original executable and terminates its original process after creating a systemd service.246
S0531 Grandoreiro Grandoreiro can delete .LNK files created in the Startup folder.135
S0690 Green Lambert Green Lambert can delete the original executable after initial installation in addition to unused functions.150151
S0342 GreyEnergy GreyEnergy can securely delete a file by hooking into the DeleteFileA and DeleteFileW functions in the Windows API.33
S0632 GrimAgent GrimAgent can delete old binaries on a compromised host.228
G0043 Group5 Malware used by Group5 is capable of remotely deleting files from victims.314
S0561 GuLoader GuLoader can delete its executable from the AppData\Local\Temp directory on the compromised host.134
S0151 HALFBAKED HALFBAKED can delete a specified file.212
S0499 Hancitor Hancitor has deleted files using the VBA kill function.251
S0391 HAWKBALL HAWKBALL has the ability to delete files.235
S0697 HermeticWiper HermeticWiper has the ability to overwrite its own file with random bites.214213
S1027 Heyoka Backdoor Heyoka Backdoor has the ability to delete folders and files from a targeted system.19
S0087 Hi-Zor Hi-Zor deletes its RAT installer file as it executes its DLL payload file.107
S0601 Hildegard Hildegard has deleted scripts after execution.61
S0431 HotCroissant HotCroissant has the ability to clean up installed files, delete files, and delete itself from the victim’s machine.79
S0070 HTTPBrowser HTTPBrowser deletes its original installer file once installation is complete.173
S0203 Hydraq Hydraq creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can delete files.154155
S0398 HyperBro HyperBro has the ability to delete a specified file.225
S1022 IceApple IceApple can delete files and directories from targeted systems.86
S0434 Imminent Monitor Imminent Monitor has deleted files related to its dynamic debugger feature.3
G1032 INC Ransom
INC Ransom has uninstalled tools from compromised endpoints after use.322
S0259 InnaputRAT InnaputRAT has a command to delete files.92
S0260 InvisiMole InvisiMole has deleted files and directories including XML and files successfully uploaded to C2 servers.3738
S1132 IPsec Helper IPsec Helper can delete itself when given the appropriate command.233
S0015 Ixeshe Ixeshe has a command to delete a file from the machine.77
S0044 JHUHUGIT The JHUHUGIT dropper can delete itself from the victim. Another JHUHUGIT variant has the capability to delete specified files.238239
S0201 JPIN JPIN’s installer/uninstaller component deletes itself if it encounters a version of Windows earlier than Windows XP or identifies security-related processes running.59
S0283 jRAT jRAT has a function to delete files from the victim’s machine.74
S0265 Kazuar Kazuar can delete files.64
S1020 Kevin Kevin can delete files created on the victim’s machine.141
S0271 KEYMARBLE KEYMARBLE has the capability to delete files off the victim’s machine.226
S0607 KillDisk KillDisk has the ability to quit and delete itself.205
G0094 Kimsuky Kimsuky has deleted the exfiltrated data on disk after transmission. Kimsuky has also used an instrumentor script to terminate browser processes running on an infected system and then delete the cookie files on disk.284281283 Kimsuky has deleted files using the Remove-Item PowerShell commandlet to remove traces of executed payloads.282
S0437 Kivars Kivars has the ability to uninstall malware from the infected host.22
S0162 Komplex The Komplex trojan supports file deletion.68
S0356 KONNI KONNI can delete files.75
C0035 KV Botnet Activity KV Botnet Activity removes on-disk copies of tools and other artifacts after it the primary botnet payload has been loaded into memory on the victim device.338
S1160 Latrodectus Latrodectus has the ability to delete itself.9695
G0032 Lazarus Group Lazarus Group malware has deleted files in various ways, including “suicide scripts” to delete malware binaries from the victim. Lazarus Group also uses secure file deletion to delete files from the victim.30971
S0395 LightNeuron LightNeuron has a function to delete files.8
S1188 Line Runner Line Runner removes its initial ZIP delivery archive after processing the enclosed LUA script.224
S0211 Linfo Linfo creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can delete files.102
S0513 LiteDuke LiteDuke can securely delete files by first writing random data to the file.119
S1199 LockBit 2.0 LockBit 2.0 can delete itself from disk after execution.54189188
S1202 LockBit 3.0 LockBit 3.0 can delete itself from disk.9394
S0372 LockerGoga LockerGoga has been observed deleting its original launcher after execution.43
S0447 Lokibot Lokibot will delete its dropped files after bypassing UAC.222
S0582 LookBack LookBack removes itself after execution and can delete files on the system.166
S0451 LoudMiner LoudMiner deleted installation files after completion.146
S1142 LunarMail LunarMail can delete the previously used staging directory and files on subsequent rounds of exfiltration and replace it with a new one.114
S1141 LunarWeb LunarWeb can self-delete from a compromised host if safety checks of C2 connectivity fail.114
S0409 Machete Once a file is uploaded, Machete will delete it from the machine.44
S1016 MacMa MacMa can delete itself from the compromised computer.254
S0282 MacSpy MacSpy deletes any temporary files it creates20
G0059 Magic Hound Magic Hound has deleted and overwrote files to cover tracks.301302300
S1182 MagicRAT MagicRAT can delete files on victim systems, including itself.26
G1051 Medusa Group Medusa Group has deleted previously installed tools.315
S1244 Medusa Ransomware Medusa Ransomware has the ability to delete itself after execution.99 Medusa Ransomware also has the ability to delete itself after execution through the command cmd /c ping localhost -n 3 > nul & del.98100
G0045 menuPass A menuPass macro deletes files after it has decoded and decompressed them.267268
S0443 MESSAGETAP Once loaded into memory, MESSAGETAP deletes the keyword_parm.txt and parm.txt configuration files from disk. 36
G1013 Metador Metador has quickly deleted cbd.exe from a compromised host following the successful deployment of their malware.196
S1059 metaMain metaMain has deleted collected items after uploading the content to its C2 server.196197
S0455 Metamorfo Metamorfo has deleted itself from the system after execution.105106
S0688 Meteor Meteor will delete the folder containing malicious scripts if it detects the hostname as PIS-APP, PIS-MOB, WSUSPROXY, or PIS-DB.240
S1015 Milan Milan can delete files via C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c ping 1.1.1.1 -n 1 -w 3000 > Nul & rmdir /s /q.78
S0083 Misdat Misdat is capable of deleting the backdoor file.115
S0149 MoonWind MoonWind can delete itself or specified files.120
S0284 More_eggs More_eggs can remove itself from a system.122123
S1047 Mori Mori can delete its DLL file and related files by Registry value.186
S0256 Mosquito Mosquito deletes files using DeleteFileW API call.56
S1135 MultiLayer Wiper MultiLayer Wiper uses a batch file, remover.bat to delete malware artifacts and the batch file itself during execution.145
S0233 MURKYTOP MURKYTOP has the capability to delete local files.45
G0129 Mustang Panda Mustang Panda will delete their tools and files, and kill processes after their objectives are reached.296297
S0228 NanHaiShu NanHaiShu launches a script to delete their original decoy file to cover tracks.109
S0630 Nebulae Nebulae has the ability to delete files and directories.30
S1192 NICECURL NICECURL has a function to remove artifacts.121
S1147 Nightdoor Nightdoor can self-delete.218
S0385 njRAT njRAT is capable of deleting files.8485
S0353 NOKKI NOKKI can delete files to cover tracks.148
S0346 OceanSalt OceanSalt can delete files from the system.112
S1170 ODAgent ODAgent can delete payloads and files used to pass C2 commands from remotely hosted cloud accounts.194
G0049 OilRig OilRig has deleted files associated with their payload after execution.285286
S0439 Okrum Okrum’s backdoor deletes files after they have been successfully uploaded to C2 servers.192
S0264 OopsIE OopsIE has the capability to delete files and scripts from the victim’s machine.72
C0022 Operation Dream Job During Operation Dream Job, Lazarus Group removed all previously delivered files from a compromised computer.331
C0006 Operation Honeybee During Operation Honeybee, the threat actors used batch files that reduced their fingerprint on a compromised system by deleting malware-related files.334
C0014 Operation Wocao During Operation Wocao, the threat actors consistently removed traces of their activity by first overwriting a file using /c cd /d c:\windows\temp\ & copy \\<IP ADDRESS>\c$\windows\system32\devmgr.dll \\<IP ADDRESS>\c$\windows\temp\LMAKSW.ps1 /y and then deleting the overwritten file using /c cd /d c:\windows\temp\ & del \\<IP ADDRESS>\c$\windows\temp\LMAKSW.ps1.337
S0352 OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D has a command to delete a file from the system. OSX_OCEANLOTUS.D deletes the app bundle and dropper after execution.414240
S1017 OutSteel OutSteel can delete itself following the successful execution of a follow-on payload.203
S0598 P.A.S. Webshell P.A.S. Webshell can delete scripts from a subdirectory of /tmp after they are run.157
S0208 Pasam Pasam creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can delete files.204
G0040 Patchwork Patchwork removed certain files and replaced them so they could not be retrieved.313
S0556 Pay2Key Pay2Key can remove its log file from disk.58
S1050 PcShare PcShare has deleted its files and components from a compromised host.5
S0587 Penquin Penquin can delete downloaded executables after running them.250
S0517 Pillowmint Pillowmint has deleted the filepath %APPDATA%\Intel\devmonsrv.exe.216
G1040 Play Play has used tools including Wevtutil to remove malicious files from compromised hosts.276
S0435 PLEAD PLEAD has the ability to delete files on the compromised host.22
S0013 PlugX PlugX has the remove itself and other artifacts.181182
S0067 pngdowner pngdowner deletes content from C2 communications that was saved to the user’s temporary directory.125
S0428 PoetRAT PoetRAT has the ability to overwrite scripts and delete itself if a sandbox environment is detected.241
S0453 Pony Pony has used scripts to delete itself after execution.244
S0139 PowerDuke PowerDuke has a command to write random data across a file and delete it.124
S0441 PowerShower PowerShower has the ability to remove all files created during the dropper process.65
S0223 POWERSTATS POWERSTATS can delete all files on the C:\, D:\, E:\ and, F:\ drives using PowerShell Remove-Item commands.195
S0113 Prikormka After encrypting its own log files, the log encryption module in Prikormka deletes the original, unencrypted files from the host.187
S0654 ProLock ProLock can remove files containing its payload after they are executed.11
S0279 Proton Proton removes all files in the /tmp directory.39
S0238 Proxysvc Proxysvc can delete files indicated by the attacker and remove itself from disk using a batch file.71
S0147 Pteranodon Pteranodon can delete files that may interfere with it executing. It also can delete temporary files and itself after the initial script executes.206
S0196 PUNCHBUGGY PUNCHBUGGY can delete files written to disk.207208
S1032 PyDCrypt PyDCrypt will remove all created artifacts such as dropped executables.231
S0583 Pysa Pysa has deleted batch files after execution. 258
S0650 QakBot QakBot can delete folders and files including overwriting its executable with legitimate programs.26326126211
S1242 Qilin Qilin can delete itself from infected hosts after execution.248247
S0269 QUADAGENT QUADAGENT has a command to delete its Registry key and scheduled task.180
S1148 Raccoon Stealer Raccoon Stealer can remove files related to use and installation.179
S0629 RainyDay RainyDay has the ability to uninstall itself by deleting its service and files.30
S1212 RansomHub RansomHub has the ability to self-delete.12
S1130 Raspberry Robin Raspberry Robin can delete its initial delivery script from disk during execution.201
S0662 RCSession RCSession can remove files from a targeted system.165
S0495 RDAT RDAT can issue SOAP requests to delete already processed C2 emails. RDAT can also delete itself from the infected system.175
S0416 RDFSNIFFER RDFSNIFFER has the capability of deleting local files.132
S0172 Reaver Reaver deletes the original dropped file from the victim.70
G1039 RedCurl RedCurl has deleted files after execution.325326327
S0153 RedLeaves RedLeaves can delete specified files.111
C0056 RedPenguin During RedPenguin, UNC3886 used malware capaple of removing scripts after execution.341
S0125 Remsec Remsec is capable of deleting files on the victim. It also securely removes itself after collecting and exfiltrating data.505152
S0496 REvil REvil can mark its binary code for deletion after reboot.234
S0448 Rising Sun Rising Sun can delete files and artifacts it creates.15
S1150 ROADSWEEP ROADSWEEP can use embedded scripts to remove itself from the infected host.910
G0106 Rocke Rocke has deleted files on infected machines.328
S0240 ROKRAT ROKRAT can request to delete files.89
S0148 RTM RTM can delete all files created during its execution.259260
S0253 RunningRAT RunningRAT contains code to delete files from the victim’s machine.49
S0085 S-Type S-Type has deleted files it has created on a compromised host.115
S1018 Saint Bot Saint Bot can run a batch script named del.bat to remove any Saint Bot payload-linked files from a compromise system if anti-analysis or locale checks fail.203
S0074 Sakula Some Sakula samples use cmd.exe to delete temporary files.230
S0370 SamSam SamSam has been seen deleting its own files and payloads to make analysis of the attack more difficult.17
G0034 Sandworm Team Sandworm Team has used backdoors that can delete files used in an attack from an infected system.205298299
S0461 SDBbot SDBbot has the ability to delete files from a compromised host.255
S0195 SDelete SDelete deletes data in a way that makes it unrecoverable.1
S0053 SeaDuke SeaDuke can securely delete files, including deleting itself from the victim.113
S0345 Seasalt Seasalt has a command to delete a specified file.168
S0382 ServHelper ServHelper has a module to delete itself from the infected machine.177178
S1019 Shark Shark can delete files downloaded to the compromised host.78
S0444 ShimRat ShimRat can uninstall itself from compromised hosts, as well create and modify directories, delete, move, copy, and rename files.117
S1178 ShrinkLocker ShrinkLocker can delete itself depending on various checks performed during execution.229
S0589 Sibot Sibot will delete itself if a certain server response is received.159
G0091 Silence Silence has deleted artifacts, including scheduled tasks, communicates files from the C2 and other logs.324323
S0692 SILENTTRINITY SILENTTRINITY can remove files from the compromised host.4
S0533 SLOTHFULMEDIA SLOTHFULMEDIA has deleted itself and the ‘index.dat’ file on a compromised machine to remove recent Internet history from the system.152
S1166 Solar Solar has the ability to delete staged files after they are uploaded to C2.161
C0024 SolarWinds Compromise During the SolarWinds Compromise, APT29 routinely removed their tools, including custom backdoors, once remote access was achieved.190
S0615 SombRAT SombRAT has the ability to run cancel or closeanddeletestorage to remove all files from storage and delete the storage temp file on a compromised host.87
S0374 SpeakUp SpeakUp deletes files to remove evidence on the machine. 138
S0390 SQLRat SQLRat has used been observed deleting scripts once used.18
S1200 StealBit StealBit can self-delete its executable file from the compromised system.5354
S0380 StoneDrill StoneDrill has been observed deleting the temporary files once they fulfill their task.34
S1034 StrifeWater StrifeWater can self delete to cover its tracks.249
S0491 StrongPity StrongPity can delete previously exfiltrated files from the compromised host.128129
S0603 Stuxnet Stuxnet uses an RPC server that contains a routine for file deletion and also removes itself from the system through a DLL export by deleting specific files.73
S0559 SUNBURST SUNBURST had a command to delete files.190191
S0562 SUNSPOT Following the successful injection of SUNBURST, SUNSPOT deleted a temporary file it created named InventoryManager.bk after restoring the original SolarWinds Orion source code to the software library.67
S0663 SysUpdate SysUpdate can delete its configuration file from the targeted system.163
S0011 Taidoor Taidoor can use DeleteFileA to remove files from infected hosts.66
S0586 TAINTEDSCRIBE TAINTEDSCRIBE can delete files from a compromised host.219
S0164 TDTESS TDTESS creates then deletes log files during installation of itself as a service.7
G0139 TeamTNT TeamTNT has used a payload that removes itself after running. TeamTNT also has deleted locally staged files for collecting credentials or scan results for local IP addresses after exfiltrating them.271272
G0089 The White Company The White Company has the ability to delete its malware entirely from the target system.311
G0027 Threat Group-3390 Threat Group-3390 has deleted existing logs and exfiltrated file archives from a victim.329330
S1239 TONESHELL TONESHELL has deleted payload files received from the C2 server.88
S0094 Trojan.Karagany Trojan.Karagany has used plugins with a self-delete capability.104
S1196 Troll Stealer Troll Stealer creates and can execute a BAT script that will delete the malware.223
G0081 Tropic Trooper Tropic Trooper has deleted dropper files on an infected system using command scripts.270
S0263 TYPEFRAME TYPEFRAME can delete files off the system.253
G1048 UNC3886 UNC3886 has used the the esxcli command line to remove files created by malicious vSphere Installation Bundles from disk.307308
S1164 UPSTYLE UPSTYLE removes bootstrap.min.css after parsing command and control instructions, restoring the file to its original state.156
S0022 Uroburos Uroburos can run a Clear Agents Track command on an infected machine to delete Uroburos-related logs.242
S0386 Ursnif Ursnif has deleted data staged in tmp files after exfiltration.153
S0136 USBStealer USBStealer has several commands to delete files associated with the malware from the victim.232
S0442 VBShower VBShower has attempted to complicate forensic analysis by deleting all the files contained in %APPDATA%..\Local\Temporary Internet Files\Content.Word and %APPDATA%..\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files\Content.Word\.133
S0257 VERMIN VERMIN can delete files on the victim’s machine.57
S1154 VersaMem VersaMem deleted files related to initial installation such as temporary files related to the PID of the main web process.142
S0180 Volgmer Volgmer can delete files and itself after infection to avoid analysis.256
G1017 Volt Typhoon Volt Typhoon has run rd /S to delete their working directories and deleted systeminfo.dat from C:\Users\Public\Documentsfiles.321320
S0689 WhisperGate WhisperGate can delete tools from a compromised host after execution.110
S0155 WINDSHIELD WINDSHIELD is capable of file deletion along with other file system interaction.176
S0466 WindTail WindTail has the ability to receive and execute a self-delete command.217
S0176 Wingbird Wingbird deletes its payload along with the payload’s parent process after it finishes copying files.55
S0141 Winnti for Windows Winnti for Windows can delete the DLLs for its various components from a compromised host.174
G0102 Wizard Spider Wizard Spider has used file deletion to remove some modules and configurations from an infected host after use.291
S1065 Woody RAT Woody RAT has the ability to delete itself from disk by creating a suspended notepad process and writing shellcode to delete a file into the suspended process using NtWriteVirtualMemory.139
S0161 XAgentOSX XAgentOSX contains the deletFileFromPath function to delete a specified file using the NSFileManager:removeFileAtPath method.252
S1207 XLoader XLoader can delete malicious executables from compromised machines.97
S0251 Zebrocy Zebrocy has a command to delete files and directories.198199200
S1151 ZeroCleare ZeroCleare has the ability to uninstall the RawDisk driver and delete the rwdsk file on disk.9127
S0330 Zeus Panda Zeus Panda has a command to delete a file. It also can uninstall scripts and delete files to cover its track.183
S0350 zwShell zwShell has deleted itself after creating a service as well as deleted a temporary file when the system reboots.83
S0412 ZxShell ZxShell can delete files from the system.131130

References


  1. Russinovich, M. (2016, July 4). SDelete v2.0. Retrieved February 8, 2018. 

  2. Dahan, A. et al. (2020, November 2). Back to the Future: Inside the Kimsuky KGH Spyware Suite. Retrieved November 6, 2020. 

  3. QiAnXin Threat Intelligence Center. (2019, February 18). APT-C-36: Continuous Attacks Targeting Colombian Government Institutions and Corporations. Retrieved May 5, 2020. 

  4. Salvati, M. (2019, August 6). SILENTTRINITY Modules. Retrieved March 24, 2022. 

  5. Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022. 

  6. Microsoft. (n.d.). Del. Retrieved April 22, 2016. 

  7. ClearSky Cyber Security and Trend Micro. (2017, July). Operation Wilted Tulip: Exposing a cyber espionage apparatus. Retrieved August 21, 2017. 

  8. Faou, M. (2019, May). Turla LightNeuron: One email away from remote code execution. Retrieved June 24, 2019. 

  9. Jenkins, L. at al. (2022, August 4). ROADSWEEP Ransomware - Likely Iranian Threat Actor Conducts Politically Motivated Disruptive Activity Against Albanian Government Organizations. Retrieved August 6, 2024. 

  10. MSTIC. (2022, September 8). Microsoft investigates Iranian attacks against the Albanian government. Retrieved August 6, 2024. 

  11. Group IB. (2020, September). LOCK LIKE A PRO. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  12. Alfano, V. et al. (2025, February 12). RansomHub Never Sleeps Episode 1: The evolution of modern ransomware. Retrieved March 17, 2025. 

  13. Dahan, A. (2017, May 24). OPERATION COBALT KITTY: A LARGE-SCALE APT IN ASIA CARRIED OUT BY THE OCEANLOTUS GROUP. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  14. Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018. 

  15. Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A., et. al.. (2018, December 18). Operation Sharpshooter Campaign Targets Global Defense, Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 14, 2020. 

  16. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2020, August 26). MAR-10301706-1.v1 - North Korean Remote Access Tool: ECCENTRICBANDWAGON. Retrieved March 18, 2021. 

  17. Palotay, D. and Mackenzie, P. (2018, April). SamSam Ransomware Chooses Its Targets Carefully. Retrieved April 15, 2019. 

  18. Platt, J. and Reeves, J.. (2019, March). FIN7 Revisited: Inside Astra Panel and SQLRat Malware. Retrieved June 18, 2019. 

  19. Chen, Joey. (2022, June 9). Aoqin Dragon | Newly-Discovered Chinese-linked APT Has Been Quietly Spying On Organizations For 10 Years. Retrieved July 14, 2022. 

  20. PETER EWANE. (2017, June 9). MacSpy: OS X RAT as a Service. Retrieved September 21, 2018. 

  21. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2021, February 21). AppleJeus: Analysis of North Korea’s Cryptocurrency Malware. Retrieved March 1, 2021. 

  22. Bermejo, L., et al. (2017, June 22). Following the Trail of BlackTech’s Cyber Espionage Campaigns. Retrieved May 5, 2020. 

  23. Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service (MIVD) & Dutch General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD). (2024, February 6). Ministry of Defense of the Netherlands uncovers COATHANGER, a stealthy Chinese FortiGate RAT. Retrieved February 7, 2024. 

  24. Yan, T., et al. (2018, November 21). New Wine in Old Bottle: New Azorult Variant Found in FindMyName Campaign using Fallout Exploit Kit. Retrieved November 29, 2018. 

  25. Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022. 

  26. Asheer Malhotra, Vitor Ventura & Jungsoo An, Cisco Talos. (2022, September 7). MagicRAT: Lazarus’ latest gateway into victim networks. Retrieved December 30, 2024. 

  27. Hayashi, K., Ray, V. (2018, July 31). Bisonal Malware Used in Attacks Against Russia and South Korea. Retrieved August 7, 2018. 

  28. Zykov, K. (2020, August 13). CactusPete APT group’s updated Bisonal backdoor. Retrieved May 5, 2021. 

  29. Mercer, W., et al. (2020, March 5). Bisonal: 10 years of play. Retrieved January 26, 2022. 

  30. Vrabie, V. (2021, April 23). NAIKON – Traces from a Military Cyber-Espionage Operation. Retrieved June 29, 2021. 

  31. Merritt, E.. (2015, November 16). Shining the Spotlight on Cherry Picker PoS Malware. Retrieved April 20, 2016. 

  32. Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 08). Hidden Cobra Targets Turkish Financial Sector With New Bankshot Implant. Retrieved May 18, 2018. 

  33. Cherepanov, A. (2018, October). GREYENERGY A successor to BlackEnergy. Retrieved November 15, 2018. 

  34. Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019. 

  35. Symantec Security Response. (2014, June 30). Dragonfly: Cyberespionage Attacks Against Energy Suppliers. Retrieved April 8, 2016. 

  36. Leong, R., Perez, D., Dean, T. (2019, October 31). MESSAGETAP: Who’s Reading Your Text Messages?. Retrieved May 11, 2020. 

  37. Hromcová, Z. (2018, June 07). InvisiMole: Surprisingly equipped spyware, undercover since 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2018. 

  38. Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020. 

  39. Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018. 

  40. Erye Hernandez and Danny Tsechansky. (2017, June 22). The New and Improved macOS Backdoor from OceanLotus. Retrieved September 8, 2023. 

  41. Horejsi, J. (2018, April 04). New MacOS Backdoor Linked to OceanLotus Found. Retrieved November 13, 2018. 

  42. Magisa, L. (2020, November 27). New MacOS Backdoor Connected to OceanLotus Surfaces. Retrieved December 2, 2020. 

  43. CarbonBlack Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, March 22). TAU Threat Intelligence Notification – LockerGoga Ransomware. Retrieved April 16, 2019. 

  44. ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019. 

  45. FireEye. (2018, March 16). Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (TEMP.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries. Retrieved April 11, 2018. 

  46. NSA/FBI. (2020, August). Russian GRU 85th GTsSS Deploys Previously Undisclosed Drovorub Malware. Retrieved August 25, 2020. 

  47. Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021. 

  48. Trend Micro. (2018, November 20). Lazarus Continues Heists, Mounts Attacks on Financial Organizations in Latin America. Retrieved December 3, 2018. 

  49. Sherstobitoff, R., Saavedra-Morales, J. (2018, February 02). Gold Dragon Widens Olympics Malware Attacks, Gains Permanent Presence on Victims’ Systems. Retrieved June 6, 2018. 

  50. Symantec Security Response. (2016, August 8). Backdoor.Remsec indicators of compromise. Retrieved August 17, 2016. 

  51. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Retrieved August 17, 2016. 

  52. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Technical Analysis. Retrieved August 17, 2016. 

  53. Cybereason Global SOC Team. (n.d.). THREAT ANALYSIS REPORT: Inside the LockBit Arsenal - The StealBit Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved January 29, 2025. 

  54. FBI. (2022, February 4). Indicators of Compromise Associated with LockBit 2.0 Ransomware. Retrieved January 24, 2025. 

  55. Anthe, C. et al. (2016, December 14). Microsoft Security Intelligence Report Volume 21. Retrieved November 27, 2017. 

  56. ESET, et al. (2018, January). Diplomats in Eastern Europe bitten by a Turla mosquito. Retrieved July 3, 2018. 

  57. Lancaster, T., Cortes, J. (2018, January 29). VERMIN: Quasar RAT and Custom Malware Used In Ukraine. Retrieved July 5, 2018. 

  58. Check Point. (2020, November 6). Ransomware Alert: Pay2Key. Retrieved January 4, 2021. 

  59. Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018. 

  60. GReAT. (2019, April 10). Gaza Cybergang Group1, operation SneakyPastes. Retrieved May 13, 2020. 

  61. Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021. 

  62. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2014, August 06). The Epic Turla Operation: Solving some of the mysteries of Snake/Uroboros. Retrieved November 7, 2018. 

  63. McGraw, T. (2024, December 4). Black Basta Ransomware Campaign Drops Zbot, DarkGate, and Custom Malware. Retrieved December 9, 2024. 

  64. Levene, B, et al. (2017, May 03). Kazuar: Multiplatform Espionage Backdoor with API Access. Retrieved July 17, 2018. 

  65. Lancaster, T. (2018, November 5). Inception Attackers Target Europe with Year-old Office Vulnerability. Retrieved May 8, 2020. 

  66. CISA, FBI, DOD. (2021, August). MAR-10292089-1.v2 – Chinese Remote Access Trojan: TAIDOOR. Retrieved August 24, 2021. 

  67. CrowdStrike Intelligence Team. (2021, January 11). SUNSPOT: An Implant in the Build Process. Retrieved January 11, 2021. 

  68. Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy’s ‘Komplex’ OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017. 

  69. US-CERT. (2017, November 22). Alert (TA17-318A): HIDDEN COBRA – North Korean Remote Administration Tool: FALLCHILL. Retrieved December 7, 2017. 

  70. Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017. 

  71. Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A. (2018, April 24). Analyzing Operation GhostSecret: Attack Seeks to Steal Data Worldwide. Retrieved May 16, 2018. 

  72. Falcone, R., et al. (2018, September 04). OilRig Targets a Middle Eastern Government and Adds Evasion Techniques to OopsIE. Retrieved September 24, 2018. 

  73. Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien 2011, February W32.Stuxnet Dossier (Version 1.4) Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  74. Sharma, R. (2018, August 15). Revamped jRAT Uses New Anti-Parsing Techniques. Retrieved September 21, 2018. 

  75. Rascagneres, P. (2017, May 03). KONNI: A Malware Under The Radar For Years. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  76. Konstantin Zykov. (2019, September 23). Hello! My name is Dtrack. Retrieved January 20, 2021. 

  77. Sancho, D., et al. (2012, May 22). IXESHE An APT Campaign. Retrieved June 7, 2019. 

  78. ClearSky Cyber Security . (2021, August). New Iranian Espionage Campaign By “Siamesekitten” - Lyceum. Retrieved June 6, 2022. 

  79. Knight, S.. (2020, April 16). VMware Carbon Black TAU Threat Analysis: The Evolution of Lazarus. Retrieved May 1, 2020. 

  80. Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved September 2, 2021. 

  81. Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016. 

  82. N. Baisini. (2022, July 13). Transparent Tribe begins targeting education sector in latest campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2022. 

  83. McAfee® Foundstone® Professional Services and McAfee Labs™. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: “Night Dragon”. Retrieved February 19, 2018. 

  84. Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2013, June 28). Fidelis Threat Advisory #1009: “njRAT” Uncovered. Retrieved June 4, 2019. 

  85. Pascual, C. (2018, November 27). AutoIt-Compiled Worm Affecting Removable Media Delivers Fileless Version of BLADABINDI/njRAT Backdoor. Retrieved June 4, 2019. 

  86. CrowdStrike. (2022, May). ICEAPPLE: A NOVEL INTERNET INFORMATION SERVICES (IIS) POST-EXPLOITATION FRAMEWORK. Retrieved June 27, 2022. 

  87. The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2020, November 12). The CostaRicto Campaign: Cyber-Espionage Outsourced. Retrieved May 24, 2021. 

  88. Sudeep Singh. (2025, April 16). Latest Mustang Panda Arsenal: ToneShell and StarProxy | P1. Retrieved July 21, 2025. 

  89. Pantazopoulos, N.. (2018, November 8). RokRat Analysis. Retrieved May 21, 2020. 

  90. ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 2: Observing the Comings and Goings. Retrieved November 21, 2016. 

  91. Roccio, T., et al. (2021, April). Technical Analysis of Cuba Ransomware. Retrieved June 18, 2021. 

  92. ASERT Team. (2018, April 04). Innaput Actors Utilize Remote Access Trojan Since 2016, Presumably Targeting Victim Files. Retrieved July 9, 2018. 

  93. CISA et al. (2023, June 14). UNDERSTANDING RANSOMWARE THREAT ACTORS: LOCKBIT. Retrieved February 5, 2025. 

  94. FBI et al. (2023, March 16). #StopRansomware: LockBit 3.0. Retrieved February 5, 2025. 

  95. Batista, J. (2024, June 17). Latrodectus, are you coming back?. Retrieved September 13, 2024. 

  96. Stepanic, D. and Bousseaden, S. (2024, May 15). Spring Cleaning with LATRODECTUS: A Potential Replacement for ICEDID. Retrieved September 13, 2024. 

  97. Acronis. (2021, November 26). Trojan-as-a-service: From Formbook to XLoader. Retrieved March 11, 2025. 

  98. Anthony Galiette, Doel Santos. (2024, January 11). Medusa Ransomware Turning Your Files into Stone. Retrieved October 15, 2025. 

  99. Threat Hunter Team Symantec and Carbon Black. (2025, March 6). Medusa Ransomware Activity Continues to Increase. Retrieved October 15, 2025. 

  100. Vlad Pasca. (2024, January 1). A Deep Dive into Medusa Ransomware. Retrieved October 15, 2025. 

  101. CheckPoint. (2020, May 7). Naikon APT: Cyber Espionage Reloaded. Retrieved May 26, 2020. 

  102. Zhou, R. (2012, May 15). Backdoor.Linfo. Retrieved February 23, 2018. 

  103. Cash, D., Grunzweig, J., Meltzer, M., Adair, S., Lancaster, T. (2021, August 17). North Korean APT InkySquid Infects Victims Using Browser Exploits. Retrieved September 30, 2021. 

  104. Secureworks. (2019, July 24). Updated Karagany Malware Targets Energy Sector. Retrieved August 12, 2020. 

  105. Erlich, C. (2020, April 3). The Avast Abuser: Metamorfo Banking Malware Hides By Abusing Avast Executable. Retrieved May 26, 2020. 

  106. Zhang, X. (2020, February 4). Another Metamorfo Variant Targeting Customers of Financial Institutions in More Countries. Retrieved July 30, 2020. 

  107. Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, December 16). Fidelis Threat Advisory #1020: Dissecting the Malware Involved in the INOCNATION Campaign. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  108. Stokes, P. (2020, July 27). Four Distinct Families of Lazarus Malware Target Apple’s macOS Platform. Retrieved August 7, 2020. 

  109. F-Secure Labs. (2016, July). NANHAISHU RATing the South China Sea. Retrieved July 6, 2018. 

  110. Biasini, N. et al.. (2022, January 21). Ukraine Campaign Delivers Defacement and Wipers, in Continued Escalation. Retrieved March 14, 2022. 

  111. PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper: Technical Annex. Retrieved April 13, 2017. 

  112. Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A. (2018, October 18). ‘Operation Oceansalt’ Attacks South Korea, U.S., and Canada With Source Code From Chinese Hacker Group. Retrieved November 30, 2018. 

  113. Symantec Security Response. (2015, July 13). “Forkmeiamfamous”: Seaduke, latest weapon in the Duke armory. Retrieved July 22, 2015. 

  114. Jurčacko, F. (2024, May 15). To the Moon and back(doors): Lunar landing in diplomatic missions. Retrieved June 26, 2024. 

  115. Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021. 

  116. US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 – North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020. 

  117. Yonathan Klijnsma. (2016, May 17). Mofang: A politically motivated information stealing adversary. Retrieved May 12, 2020. 

  118. Hinchliffe, A. and Falcone, R. (2020, May 11). Updated BackConfig Malware Targeting Government and Military Organizations in South Asia. Retrieved June 17, 2020. 

  119. Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2019, October). OPERATION GHOST. Retrieved September 23, 2020. 

  120. Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, March 30). Trochilus and New MoonWind RATs Used In Attack Against Thai Organizations. Retrieved March 30, 2017. 

  121. Rozmann, O., et al. (2024, May 1). Uncharmed: Untangling Iran’s APT42 Operations. Retrieved October 9, 2024. 

  122. Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018. 

  123. Villadsen, O.. (2019, August 29). More_eggs, Anyone? Threat Actor ITG08 Strikes Again. Retrieved September 16, 2019. 

  124. Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017. 

  125. Crowdstrike Global Intelligence Team. (2014, June 9). CrowdStrike Intelligence Report: Putter Panda. Retrieved January 22, 2016. 

  126. Doctor Web. (2014, November 21). Linux.BackDoor.Fysbis.1. Retrieved December 7, 2017. 

  127. CISA. (2022, September 23). AA22-264A Iranian State Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against the Government of Albania. Retrieved August 6, 2024. 

  128. Mercer, W. et al. (2020, June 29). PROMETHIUM extends global reach with StrongPity3 APT. Retrieved July 20, 2020. 

  129. Tudorica, R. et al. (2020, June 30). StrongPity APT - Revealing Trojanized Tools, Working Hours and Infrastructure. Retrieved July 20, 2020. 

  130. Allievi, A., et al. (2014, October 28). Threat Spotlight: Group 72, Opening the ZxShell. Retrieved September 24, 2019. 

  131. Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019. 

  132. Carr, N, et all. (2019, October 10). Mahalo FIN7: Responding to the Criminal Operators’ New Tools and Techniques. Retrieved October 11, 2019. 

  133. GReAT. (2019, August 12). Recent Cloud Atlas activity. Retrieved May 8, 2020. 

  134. Duncan, B. (2020, April 3). GuLoader: Malspam Campaign Installing NetWire RAT. Retrieved January 7, 2021. 

  135. ESET. (2020, April 28). Grandoreiro: How engorged can an EXE get?. Retrieved November 13, 2020. 

  136. ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla’s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017. 

  137. Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2017, August 30). Introducing WhiteBear. Retrieved September 21, 2017. 

  138. Check Point Research. (2019, February 4). SpeakUp: A New Undetected Backdoor Linux Trojan. Retrieved April 17, 2019. 

  139. MalwareBytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2022, August 3). Woody RAT: A new feature-rich malware spotted in the wild. Retrieved December 6, 2022. 

  140. Trustwave SpiderLabs. (2020, June 26). GoldenSpy: Chapter Two – The Uninstaller. Retrieved July 23, 2020. 

  141. Kayal, A. et al. (2021, October). LYCEUM REBORN: COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Retrieved June 14, 2022. 

  142. Black Lotus Labs. (2024, August 27). Taking The Crossroads: The Versa Director Zero-Day Exploitaiton. Retrieved August 27, 2024. 

  143. Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022. 

  144. Lee, B. Grunzweig, J. (2015, December 22). BBSRAT Attacks Targeting Russian Organizations Linked to Roaming Tiger. Retrieved August 19, 2016. 

  145. Or Chechik, Tom Fakterman, Daniel Frank & Assaf Dahan. (2023, November 6). Agonizing Serpens (Aka Agrius) Targeting the Israeli Higher Education and Tech Sectors. Retrieved May 22, 2024. 

  146. Malik, M. (2019, June 20). LoudMiner: Cross-platform mining in cracked VST software. Retrieved May 18, 2020. 

  147. Lim, M.. (2019, April 26). BabyShark Malware Part Two – Attacks Continue Using KimJongRAT and PCRat . Retrieved October 7, 2019. 

  148. Grunzweig, J., Lee, B. (2018, September 27). New KONNI Malware attacking Eurasia and Southeast Asia. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  149. The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023. 

  150. Sandvik, Runa. (2021, October 1). Made In America: Green Lambert for OS X. Retrieved March 21, 2022. 

  151. Sandvik, Runa. (2021, October 18). Green Lambert and ATT&CK. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  152. DHS/CISA, Cyber National Mission Force. (2020, October 1). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) MAR-10303705-1.v1 – Remote Access Trojan: SLOTHFULMEDIA. Retrieved October 2, 2020. 

  153. Caragay, R. (2015, March 26). URSNIF: The Multifaceted Malware. Retrieved June 5, 2019. 

  154. Symantec Security Response. (2010, January 18). The Trojan.Hydraq Incident. Retrieved February 20, 2018. 

  155. Lelli, A. (2010, January 11). Trojan.Hydraq. Retrieved February 20, 2018. 

  156. Volexity Threat Research. (2024, April 12). Zero-Day Exploitation of Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in GlobalProtect (CVE-2024-3400). Retrieved November 20, 2024. 

  157. ANSSI. (2021, January 27). SANDWORM INTRUSION SET CAMPAIGN TARGETING CENTREON SYSTEMS. Retrieved March 30, 2021. 

  158. Savelesky, K., et al. (2019, July 23). ABADBABE 8BADFOOD: Discovering BADHATCH and a Detailed Look at FIN8’s Tooling. Retrieved September 8, 2021. 

  159. Nafisi, R., Lelli, A. (2021, March 4). GoldMax, GoldFinder, and Sibot: Analyzing NOBELIUM’s layered persistence. Retrieved March 8, 2021. 

  160. FireEye Labs/FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, May 14). Hiding in Plain Sight: FireEye and Microsoft Expose Obfuscation Tactic. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  161. Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig’s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol’ rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024. 

  162. Grunzweig, J.. (2017, April 20). Cardinal RAT Active for Over Two Years. Retrieved December 8, 2018. 

  163. Lunghi, D. and Lu, K. (2021, April 9). Iron Tiger APT Updates Toolkit With Evolved SysUpdate Malware. Retrieved November 12, 2021. 

  164. Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2016, February 29). The Turbo Campaign, Featuring Derusbi for 64-bit Linux. Retrieved March 2, 2016. 

  165. Global Threat Center, Intelligence Team. (2020, December). APT27 Turns to Ransomware. Retrieved November 12, 2021. 

  166. Raggi, M. Schwarz, D.. (2019, August 1). LookBack Malware Targets the United States Utilities Sector with Phishing Attacks Impersonating Engineering Licensing Boards. Retrieved February 25, 2021. 

  167. Kuzin, M., Zelensky S. (2018, July 20). Calisto Trojan for macOS. Retrieved September 7, 2018. 

  168. Mandiant. (n.d.). Appendix C (Digital) - The Malware Arsenal. Retrieved July 18, 2016. 

  169. Marschalek, M.. (2014, December 16). EvilBunny: Malware Instrumented By Lua. Retrieved June 28, 2019. 

  170. Accenture Security. (2018, January 27). DRAGONFISH DELIVERS NEW FORM OF ELISE MALWARE TARGETING ASEAN DEFENCE MINISTERS’ MEETING AND ASSOCIATES. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  171. FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, July 13). Demonstrating Hustle, Chinese APT Groups Quickly Use Zero-Day Vulnerability (CVE-2015-5119) Following Hacking Team Leak. Retrieved January 25, 2016. 

  172. Quinn, J. (2019, March 25). The odd case of a Gh0stRAT variant. Retrieved July 15, 2020. 

  173. Desai, D.. (2015, August 14). Chinese cyber espionage APT group leveraging recently leaked Hacking Team exploits to target a Financial Services Firm. Retrieved January 26, 2016. 

  174. Novetta Threat Research Group. (2015, April 7). Winnti Analysis. Retrieved February 8, 2017. 

  175. Falcone, R. (2020, July 22). OilRig Targets Middle Eastern Telecommunications Organization and Adds Novel C2 Channel with Steganography to Its Inventory. Retrieved July 28, 2020. 

  176. Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017. 

  177. Schwarz, D. and Proofpoint Staff. (2019, January 9). ServHelper and FlawedGrace - New malware introduced by TA505. Retrieved May 28, 2019. 

  178. Vilkomir-Preisman, S. (2019, April 2). New ServHelper Variant Employs Excel 4.0 Macro to Drop Signed Payload. Retrieved September 16, 2024.. 

  179. Quentin Bourgue, Pierre le Bourhis, & Sekoia TDR. (2022, June 28). Raccoon Stealer v2 - Part 1: The return of the dead. Retrieved August 1, 2024. 

  180. Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, July 25). OilRig Targets Technology Service Provider and Government Agency with QUADAGENT. Retrieved August 9, 2018. 

  181. Alexandre Cote Cyr. (2022, March 23). Mustang Panda’s Hodur: Old tricks, new Korplug variant. Retrieved September 9, 2025. 

  182. Ebach, L. (2017, June 22). Analysis Results of Zeus.Variant.Panda. Retrieved November 5, 2018. 

  183. Jan Holman, Tomas Zvara. (2024, October 23). Embargo ransomware: Rock’n’Rust. Retrieved October 19, 2025. 

  184. Scott Henderson, Cristiana Kittner, Sarah Hawley & Mark Lechtik, Google Cloud. (2023, January 19). Suspected Chinese Threat Actors Exploiting FortiOS Vulnerability (CVE-2022-42475). Retrieved December 31, 2024. 

  185. FBI, CISA, CNMF, NCSC-UK. (2022, February 24). Iranian Government-Sponsored Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against Global Government and Commercial Networks. Retrieved September 27, 2022. 

  186. Cherepanov, A.. (2016, May 17). Operation Groundbait: Analysis of a surveillance toolkit. Retrieved May 18, 2016. 

  187. Cybereason Global SOC Team. (n.d.). THREAT ANALYSIS REPORT: LockBit 2.0 - All Paths Lead to Ransom. Retrieved January 24, 2025. 

  188. Elsad, A. et al. (2022, June 9). LockBit 2.0: How This RaaS Operates and How to Protect Against It. Retrieved January 24, 2025. 

  189. FireEye. (2020, December 13). Highly Evasive Attacker Leverages SolarWinds Supply Chain to Compromise Multiple Global Victims With SUNBURST Backdoor. Retrieved January 4, 2021. 

  190. MSTIC. (2020, December 18). Analyzing Solorigate, the compromised DLL file that started a sophisticated cyberattack, and how Microsoft Defender helps protect customers . Retrieved January 5, 2021. 

  191. Hromcova, Z. (2019, July). OKRUM AND KETRICAN: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT KE3CHANG GROUP ACTIVITY. Retrieved May 6, 2020. 

  192. Pantazopoulos, N. (2020, June 2). In-depth analysis of the new Team9 malware family. Retrieved December 1, 2020. 

  193. Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, December 14). OilRig’s persistent attacks using cloud service-powered downloaders. Retrieved November 26, 2024. 

  194. Singh, S. et al.. (2018, March 13). Iranian Threat Group Updates Tactics, Techniques and Procedures in Spear Phishing Campaign. Retrieved April 11, 2018. 

  195. Ehrlich, A., et al. (2022, September). THE MYSTERY OF METADOR | AN UNATTRIBUTED THREAT HIDING IN TELCOS, ISPS, AND UNIVERSITIES. Retrieved January 23, 2023. 

  196. SentinelLabs. (2022, September 22). Metador Technical Appendix. Retrieved April 4, 2023. 

  197. ESET. (2018, November 20). Sednit: What’s going on with Zebrocy?. Retrieved February 12, 2019. 

  198. ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019. 

  199. CISA. (2020, October 29). Malware Analysis Report (AR20-303B). Retrieved December 9, 2020. 

  200. Patrick Schläpfer . (2024, April 10). Raspberry Robin Now Spreading Through Windows Script Files. Retrieved May 17, 2024. 

  201. Microsoft Incident Response. (2023, July 6). The five-day job: A BlackByte ransomware intrusion case study. Retrieved December 16, 2024. 

  202. Unit 42. (2022, February 25). Spear Phishing Attacks Target Organizations in Ukraine, Payloads Include the Document Stealer OutSteel and the Downloader SaintBot. Retrieved June 9, 2022. 

  203. Mullaney, C. & Honda, H. (2012, May 4). Trojan.Pasam. Retrieved February 22, 2018. 

  204. Cherepanov, A.. (2016, December 13). The rise of TeleBots: Analyzing disruptive KillDisk attacks. Retrieved June 10, 2020. 

  205. Kasza, A. and Reichel, D. (2017, February 27). The Gamaredon Group Toolset Evolution. Retrieved March 1, 2017. 

  206. Elovitz, S. & Ahl, I. (2016, August 18). Know Your Enemy: New Financially-Motivated & Spear-Phishing Group. Retrieved February 26, 2018. 

  207. Gorelik, M.. (2019, June 10). SECURITY ALERT: FIN8 IS BACK IN BUSINESS, TARGETING THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY. Retrieved June 13, 2019. 

  208. Yamout, M. (2021, November 29). WIRTE’s campaign in the Middle East ‘living off the land’ since at least 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2022. 

  209. Check Point. (2020, November 26). Bandook: Signed & Delivered. Retrieved May 31, 2021. 

  210. Jazi, H. (2021, June 1). Kimsuky APT continues to target South Korean government using AppleSeed backdoor. Retrieved June 10, 2021. 

  211. Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017. 

  212. ESET. (2022, March 1). IsaacWiper and HermeticWizard: New wiper and worm targetingUkraine. Retrieved April 10, 2022. 

  213. Thomas, W. et al. (2022, February 25). CrowdStrike Falcon Protects from New Wiper Malware Used in Ukraine Cyberattacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022. 

  214. Bennett, J., Vengerik, B. (2017, June 12). Behind the CARBANAK Backdoor. Retrieved June 11, 2018. 

  215. Trustwave SpiderLabs. (2020, June 22). Pillowmint: FIN7’s Monkey Thief . Retrieved July 27, 2020. 

  216. Wardle, Patrick. (2019, January 15). Middle East Cyber-Espionage analyzing WindShift’s implant: OSX.WindTail (part 2). Retrieved October 3, 2019. 

  217. Ahn Ho, Facundo Muñoz, & Marc-Etienne M.Léveillé. (2024, March 7). Evasive Panda leverages Monlam Festival to target Tibetans. Retrieved July 25, 2024. 

  218. USG. (2020, May 12). MAR-10288834-2.v1 – North Korean Trojan: TAINTEDSCRIBE. Retrieved March 5, 2021. 

  219. Hromcova, Z. (2019, October). AT COMMANDS, TOR-BASED COMMUNICATIONS: MEET ATTOR, A FANTASY CREATURE AND ALSO A SPY PLATFORM. Retrieved May 6, 2020. 

  220. Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020. 

  221. Muhammad, I., Unterbrink, H.. (2021, January 6). A Deep Dive into Lokibot Infection Chain. Retrieved August 31, 2021. 

  222. Jiho Kim & Sebin Lee, S2W. (2024, February 7). Kimsuky disguised as a Korean company signed with a valid certificate to distribute Troll Stealer (English ver.). Retrieved January 17, 2025. 

  223. Cisco Talos. (2024, April 24). ArcaneDoor - New espionage-focused campaign found targeting perimeter network devices. Retrieved January 6, 2025. 

  224. Falcone, R. and Lancaster, T. (2019, May 28). Emissary Panda Attacks Middle East Government Sharepoint Servers. Retrieved July 9, 2019. 

  225. US-CERT. (2018, August 09). MAR-10135536-17 – North Korean Trojan: KEYMARBLE. Retrieved August 16, 2018. 

  226. Kirill Boychenko. (2025, July 14). Contagious Interview Campaign Escalates With 67 Malicious npm Packages and New Malware Loader. Retrieved October 19, 2025. 

  227. Priego, A. (2021, July). THE BROTHERS GRIM: THE REVERSING TALE OF GRIMAGENT MALWARE USED BY RYUK. Retrieved September 19, 2024. 

  228. Cristian Souza, Eduardo Ovalle, Ashley Muñoz, & Christopher Zachor. (2024, May 23). ShrinkLocker: Turning BitLocker into ransomware. Retrieved December 7, 2024. 

  229. Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, July 30). Sakula Malware Family. Retrieved January 26, 2016. 

  230. Checkpoint Research. (2021, November 15). Uncovering MosesStaff techniques: Ideology over Money. Retrieved August 11, 2022. 

  231. Calvet, J. (2014, November 11). Sednit Espionage Group Attacking Air-Gapped Networks. Retrieved January 4, 2017. 

  232. Amitai Ben & Shushan Ehrlich. (2021, May). From Wiper to Ransomware: The Evolution of Agrius. Retrieved May 21, 2024. 

  233. Intel 471 Malware Intelligence team. (2020, March 31). REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service – An analysis of a ransomware affiliate operation. Retrieved August 4, 2020. 

  234. Patil, S. and Williams, M.. (2019, June 5). Government Sector in Central Asia Targeted With New HAWKBALL Backdoor Delivered via Microsoft Office Vulnerabilities. Retrieved June 20, 2019. 

  235. Juan Andrés Guerrero-Saade & Tom Hegel. (2024, March 21). AcidPour | New Embedded Wiper Variant of AcidRain Appears in Ukraine. Retrieved November 25, 2024. 

  236. Grunzweig, J. and Wilhoit, K. (2018, November 29). The Fractured Block Campaign: CARROTBAT Used to Deliver Malware Targeting Southeast Asia. Retrieved June 2, 2020. 

  237. ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 1: Approaching the Target. Retrieved November 8, 2016. 

  238. Lee, B, et al. (2018, February 28). Sofacy Attacks Multiple Government Entities. Retrieved March 15, 2018. 

  239. Check Point Research Team. (2021, August 14). Indra - Hackers Behind Recent Attacks on Iran. Retrieved February 17, 2022. 

  240. Mercer, W, et al. (2020, April 16). PoetRAT: Python RAT uses COVID-19 lures to target Azerbaijan public and private sectors. Retrieved April 27, 2020. 

  241. FBI et al. (2023, May 9). Hunting Russian Intelligence “Snake” Malware. Retrieved June 8, 2023. 

  242. Merriman, K. and Trouerbach, P. (2022, April 28). This isn’t Optimus Prime’s Bumblebee but it’s Still Transforming. Retrieved August 22, 2022. 

  243. hasherezade. (2016, April 11). No money, but Pony! From a mail to a trojan horse. Retrieved May 21, 2020. 

  244. Financial Security Institute. (2020, February 28). Profiling of TA505 Threat Group That Continues to Attack the Financial Sector. Retrieved July 14, 2022. 

  245. Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2024, May 16). Springtail: New Linux Backdoor Added to Toolkit. Retrieved January 17, 2025. 

  246. Bradshaw, A. et al. (2025, April 1). Qilin affiliates spear-phish MSP ScreenConnect admin, targeting customers downstream. Retrieved September 26, 2025. 

  247. Halcyon RISE Team. (2024, October 24). New Qilin.B Ransomware Variant Boasts Enhanced Encryption and Defense Evasion. Retrieved September 26, 2025. 

  248. Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, February 1). StrifeWater RAT: Iranian APT Moses Staff Adds New Trojan to Ransomware Operations. Retrieved August 15, 2022. 

  249. Leonardo. (2020, May 29). MALWARE TECHNICAL INSIGHT TURLA “Penquin_x64”. Retrieved March 11, 2021. 

  250. Anubhav, A., Jallepalli, D. (2016, September 23). Hancitor (AKA Chanitor) observed using multiple attack approaches. Retrieved August 13, 2020. 

  251. Robert Falcone. (2017, February 14). XAgentOSX: Sofacy’s Xagent macOS Tool. Retrieved July 12, 2017. 

  252. US-CERT. (2018, June 14). MAR-10135536-12 – North Korean Trojan: TYPEFRAME. Retrieved July 13, 2018. 

  253. M.Léveillé, M., Cherepanov, A.. (2022, January 25). Watering hole deploys new macOS malware, DazzleSpy, in Asia. Retrieved May 6, 2022. 

  254. Schwarz, D. et al. (2019, October 16). TA505 Distributes New SDBbot Remote Access Trojan with Get2 Downloader. Retrieved May 29, 2020. 

  255. US-CERT. (2017, November 01). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) - 10135536-D. Retrieved July 16, 2018. 

  256. Patil, S. (2018, June 26). Microsoft Office Vulnerabilities Used to Distribute FELIXROOT Backdoor in Recent Campaign. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  257. CERT-FR. (2020, April 1). ATTACKS INVOLVING THE MESPINOZA/PYSA RANSOMWARE. Retrieved March 1, 2021. 

  258. Faou, M. and Boutin, J. (2017, February). Read The Manual: A Guide to the RTM Banking Trojan. Retrieved March 9, 2017. 

  259. Duncan, B., Harbison, M. (2019, January 23). Russian Language Malspam Pushing Redaman Banking Malware. Retrieved June 16, 2020. 

  260. CS. (2020, October 7). Duck Hunting with Falcon Complete: A Fowl Banking Trojan Evolves, Part 2. Retrieved September 27, 2021. 

  261. Morrow, D. (2021, April 15). The rise of QakBot. Retrieved September 27, 2021. 

  262. Sette, N. et al. (2020, June 4). Qakbot Malware Now Exfiltrating Emails for Sophisticated Thread Hijacking Attacks. Retrieved September 27, 2021. 

  263. CrowdStrike. (2023). 2022 Falcon OverWatch Threat Hunting Report. Retrieved May 20, 2024. 

  264. Wiley, B. et al. (2021, December 29). OverWatch Exposes AQUATIC PANDA in Possession of Log4Shell Exploit Tools During Hands-on Intrusion Attempt. Retrieved January 18, 2022. 

  265. FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, June 16). FIN10: Anatomy of a Cyber Extortion Operation. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  266. Accenture Security. (2018, April 23). Hogfish Redleaves Campaign. Retrieved July 2, 2018. 

  267. US District Court Southern District of New York. (2018, December 17). United States v. Zhu Hua Indictment. Retrieved December 17, 2020. 

  268. Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018. 

  269. Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper’s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020. 

  270. AT&T Alien Labs. (2021, September 8). TeamTNT with new campaign aka Chimaera. Retrieved September 22, 2021. 

  271. Darin Smith. (2022, April 21). TeamTNT targeting AWS, Alibaba. Retrieved August 4, 2022. 

  272. DHS/CISA. (2020, August 26). FASTCash 2.0: North Korea’s BeagleBoyz Robbing Banks. Retrieved September 29, 2021. 

  273. FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  274. Bromiley, M. and Lewis, P. (2016, October 7). Attacking the Hospitality and Gaming Industries: Tracking an Attacker Around the World in 7 Years. Retrieved October 6, 2017. 

  275. Trend Micro Research. (2023, July 21). Ransomware Spotlight: Play. Retrieved September 24, 2024. 

  276. Huseyin Can Yuceel. (2022, February 21). TTPs used by BlackByte Ransomware Targeting Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved December 16, 2024. 

  277. James Nutland, Craig Jackson, Terryn Valikodath, & Brennan Evans. (2024, August 28). BlackByte blends tried-and-true tradecraft with newly disclosed vulnerabilities to support ongoing attacks. Retrieved December 16, 2024. 

  278. Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2022, October 21). Exbyte: BlackByte Ransomware Attackers Deploy New Exfiltration Tool. Retrieved December 16, 2024. 

  279. Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, June 14). Cadet Blizzard emerges as a novel and distinct Russian threat actor. Retrieved July 10, 2023. 

  280. An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021. 

  281. Den Iuzvyk, Tim Peck. (2025, February 13). Analyzing DEEP#DRIVE: North Korean Threat Actors Observed Exploiting Trusted Platforms for Targeted Attacks. Retrieved August 19, 2025. 

  282. KISA. (2021). Phishing Target Reconnaissance and Attack Resource Analysis Operation Muzabi. Retrieved March 8, 2024. 

  283. Tarakanov , D.. (2013, September 11). The “Kimsuky” Operation: A North Korean APT?. Retrieved August 13, 2019. 

  284. Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017. 

  285. Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, February 23). OopsIE! OilRig Uses ThreeDollars to Deliver New Trojan. Retrieved July 16, 2018. 

  286. FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2016, April). Follow the Money: Dissecting the Operations of the Cyber Crime Group FIN6. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  287. Nikita Rostovcev. (2022, August 18). APT41 World Tour 2021 on a tight schedule. Retrieved February 22, 2024. 

  288. FBI. (2020, September 17). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Rana Intelligence Computing, also known as Advanced Persistent Threat 39, Chafer, Cadelspy, Remexi, and ITG07. Retrieved December 10, 2020. 

  289. Dunwoody, M. and Carr, N.. (2016, September 27). No Easy Breach DerbyCon 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2024. 

  290. John, E. and Carvey, H. (2019, May 30). Unraveling the Spiderweb: Timelining ATT&CK Artifacts Used by GRIM SPIDER. Retrieved May 12, 2020. 

  291. Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  292. Carvey, H.. (2014, September 2). Where you AT?: Indicators of lateral movement using at.exe on Windows 7 systems. Retrieved January 25, 2016. 

  293. Porolli, M. (2020, July 9). More evil: A deep look at Evilnum and its toolset. Retrieved January 22, 2021. 

  294. US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018. 

  295. Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, December 29). BRONZE PRESIDENT Targets NGOs. Retrieved April 13, 2021. 

  296. Sudeep Singh. (2025, April 16). Latest Mustang Panda Arsenal: PAKLOG, CorKLOG, and SplatCloak | P2. Retrieved September 12, 2025. 

  297. Cherepanov, A.. (2017, July 4). Analysis of TeleBots’ cunning backdoor . Retrieved June 11, 2020. 

  298. Ken Proska, John Wolfram, Jared Wilson, Dan Black, Keith Lunden, Daniel Kapellmann Zafra, Nathan Brubaker, Tyler Mclellan, Chris Sistrunk. (2023, November 9). Sandworm Disrupts Power in Ukraine Using a Novel Attack Against Operational Technology. Retrieved March 28, 2024. 

  299. DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023. 

  300. Lee, B. and Falcone, R. (2017, February 15). Magic Hound Campaign Attacks Saudi Targets. Retrieved December 27, 2017. 

  301. Mandiant. (2018). Mandiant M-Trends 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  302. Dumont, R.. (2019, April 9). OceanLotus: macOS malware update. Retrieved April 15, 2019. 

  303. Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, July 18). FIN8 Uses Revamped Sardonic Backdoor to Deliver Noberus Ransomware. Retrieved August 9, 2023. 

  304. Perez, D. et al. (2021, April 20). Check Your Pulse: Suspected APT Actors Leverage Authentication Bypass Techniques and Pulse Secure Zero-Day. Retrieved February 5, 2024. 

  305. Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024. 

  306. Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025. 

  307. Marvi, A. et al.. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved March 22, 2023. 

  308. Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016. 

  309. Chen, X., Scott, M., Caselden, D.. (2014, April 26). New Zero-Day Exploit targeting Internet Explorer Versions 9 through 11 Identified in Targeted Attacks. Retrieved January 14, 2016. 

  310. Livelli, K, et al. (2018, November 12). Operation Shaheen. Retrieved May 1, 2019. 

  311. Cycraft. (2020, April 15). APT Group Chimera - APT Operation Skeleton key Targets Taiwan Semiconductor Vendors. Retrieved August 24, 2020.. 

  312. Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018. 

  313. Scott-Railton, J., et al. (2016, August 2). Group5: Syria and the Iranian Connection. Retrieved September 26, 2016. 

  314. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2025, March 12). AA25-071A #StopRansomware: Medusa Ransomware. Retrieved October 15, 2025. 

  315. CERT-EE. (2021, January 27). Gamaredon Infection: From Dropper to Entry. Retrieved February 17, 2022. 

  316. Kakara, H., Maruyama, E. (2020, April 17). Gamaredon APT Group Use Covid-19 Lure in Campaigns. Retrieved May 19, 2020. 

  317. Rusnák, Z. (2024, September 26). Cyberespionage the Gamaredon way: Analysis of toolset used to spy on Ukraine in 2022 and 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024. 

  318. Symantec. (2022, January 31). Shuckworm Continues Cyber-Espionage Attacks Against Ukraine. Retrieved February 17, 2022. 

  319. CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024. 

  320. Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 24). Chinese Cyberespionage Group BRONZE SILHOUETTE Targets U.S. Government and Defense Organizations. Retrieved July 27, 2023. 

  321. Carvey, H. (2024, May 1). LOLBin to INC Ransomware. Retrieved June 5, 2024. 

  322. Group-IB. (2018, September). Silence: Moving Into the Darkside. Retrieved May 5, 2020. 

  323. Skulkin, O.. (2019, January 20). Silence: Dissecting Malicious CHM Files and Performing Forensic Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024. 

  324. Group-IB. (2020, August). RedCurl: The Pentest You Didn’t Know About. Retrieved August 9, 2024. 

  325. Group-IB. (2021, November). RedCurl: The Awakening. Retrieved August 14, 2024. 

  326. Tancio et al. (2024, March 6). Unveiling Earth Kapre aka RedCurl’s Cyberespionage Tactics With Trend Micro MDR, Threat Intelligence. Retrieved August 9, 2024. 

  327. Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019. 

  328. Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, June 27). BRONZE UNION Cyberespionage Persists Despite Disclosures. Retrieved July 13, 2017. 

  329. Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021. 

  330. Breitenbacher, D and Osis, K. (2020, June 17). OPERATION IN(TER)CEPTION: Targeted Attacks Against European Aerospace and Military Companies. Retrieved December 20, 2021. 

  331. Lin, M. et al. (2024, February 27). Cutting Edge, Part 3: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Exploitation and Persistence Attempts. Retrieved March 1, 2024. 

  332. Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024. 

  333. Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 02). McAfee Uncovers Operation Honeybee, a Malicious Document Campaign Targeting Humanitarian Aid Groups. Retrieved May 16, 2018. 

  334. Mike Stokkel et al. (2024, July 18). APT41 Has Arisen From the DUST. Retrieved September 16, 2024. 

  335. Booz Allen Hamilton. (2016). When The Lights Went Out. Retrieved December 18, 2024. 

  336. Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020. 

  337. Black Lotus Labs. (2023, December 13). Routers Roasting On An Open Firewall: The KV-Botnet Investigation. Retrieved June 10, 2024. 

  338. Miller, S, et al. (2019, April 10). TRITON Actor TTP Profile, Custom Attack Tools, Detections, and ATT&CK Mapping. Retrieved April 16, 2019. 

  339. Canadian Centre for Cyber Security. (2024, April 24). Cyber Activity Impacting CISCO ASA VPNs. Retrieved January 6, 2025. 

  340. Lamparski, L. et al. (2025, March 11). Ghost in the Router: China-Nexus Espionage Actor UNC3886 Targets Juniper Routers. Retrieved June 24, 2025.