T1059.003 Windows Command Shell
Adversaries may abuse the Windows command shell for execution. The Windows command shell (cmd) is the primary command prompt on Windows systems. The Windows command prompt can be used to control almost any aspect of a system, with various permission levels required for different subsets of commands. The command prompt can be invoked remotely via Remote Services such as SSH.1
Batch files (ex: .bat or .cmd) also provide the shell with a list of sequential commands to run, as well as normal scripting operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of batch files include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems.
Adversaries may leverage cmd to execute various commands and payloads. Common uses include cmd to execute a single command, or abusing cmd interactively with input and output forwarded over a command and control channel.
Item | Value |
---|---|
ID | T1059.003 |
Sub-techniques | T1059.001, T1059.002, T1059.003, T1059.004, T1059.005, T1059.006, T1059.007, T1059.008, T1059.009 |
Tactics | TA0002 |
Platforms | Windows |
Permissions required | User |
Version | 1.2 |
Created | 09 March 2020 |
Last Modified | 26 July 2021 |
Procedure Examples
ID | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
C0025 | 2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack | During the 2016 Ukraine Electric Power Attack, Sandworm Team used the xp_cmdshell command in MS-SQL.359 |
S0065 | 4H RAT | 4H RAT has the capability to create a remote shell.98 |
S0469 | ABK | ABK has the ability to use cmd to run a Portable Executable (PE) on the compromised host.24 |
S1028 | Action RAT | Action RAT can use cmd.exe to execute commands on an infected host.112 |
S0202 | adbupd | adbupd can run a copy of cmd.exe.45 |
G0018 | admin@338 | Following exploitation with LOWBALL malware, admin@338 actors created a file containing a list of commands to be executed on the compromised computer.294 |
S0045 | ADVSTORESHELL | ADVSTORESHELL can create a remote shell and run a given command.5152 |
S0504 | Anchor | Anchor has used cmd.exe to run its self deletion routine.251 |
G0006 | APT1 | APT1 has used the Windows command shell to execute commands, and batch scripting to automate execution.103 |
G0026 | APT18 | APT18 uses cmd.exe to execute commands on the victim’s machine.297298 |
G0007 | APT28 | An APT28 loader Trojan uses a cmd.exe and batch script to run its payload.341 The group has also used macros to execute payloads.83342343344 |
G0022 | APT3 | An APT3 downloader uses the Windows command “cmd.exe” /C whoami . The group also uses a tool to execute commands on remote computers.301302 |
G0050 | APT32 | APT32 has used cmd.exe for execution.96 |
G0067 | APT37 | APT37 has used the command-line interface.273274 |
G0082 | APT38 | APT38 has used a command-line tunneler, NACHOCHEESE, to give them shell access to a victim’s machine.316 |
G0096 | APT41 | APT41 used cmd.exe /c to execute commands on remote machines.260 |
APT41 used a batch file to install persistence for the Cobalt Strike BEACON loader.339 | ||
G0143 | Aquatic Panda | Aquatic Panda has attempted and failed to run Bash commands on a Windows host by passing them to cmd /C .332 |
S0373 | Astaroth | Astaroth spawns a CMD process to execute commands. 70 |
S0347 | AuditCred | AuditCred can open a reverse shell on the system to execute commands.252 |
S1029 | AuTo Stealer | AuTo Stealer can use cmd.exe to execute a created batch file.112 |
S0638 | Babuk | Babuk has the ability to use the command line to control execution on compromised hosts.4647 |
S0414 | BabyShark | BabyShark has used cmd.exe to execute commands.43 |
S0475 | BackConfig | BackConfig can download and run batch files to execute commands on a compromised host.20 |
S0031 | BACKSPACE | Adversaries can direct BACKSPACE to execute from the command line on infected hosts, or have BACKSPACE create a reverse shell.85 |
S0128 | BADNEWS | BADNEWS is capable of executing commands via cmd.exe.122123 |
S0234 | Bandook | Bandook is capable of spawning a Windows command shell.7576 |
S0239 | Bankshot | Bankshot uses the command-line interface to execute arbitrary commands.216217 |
S0534 | Bazar | Bazar can launch cmd.exe to perform reconnaissance commands.206207 |
S0470 | BBK | BBK has the ability to use cmd to run a Portable Executable (PE) on the compromised host.24 |
S0017 | BISCUIT | BISCUIT has a command to launch a command shell on the system.30 |
S0268 | Bisonal | Bisonal has launched cmd.exe and used the ShellExecuteW() API function to execute commands on the system.232233234 |
S1070 | Black Basta | Black Basta can use cmd.exe to enable shadow copy deletion.140 |
S1068 | BlackCat | BlackCat can execute commands on a compromised network with the use of cmd.exe .42 |
S0069 | BLACKCOFFEE | BLACKCOFFEE has the capability to create a reverse shell.171 |
S0564 | BlackMould | BlackMould can run cmd.exe with parameters.66 |
S0520 | BLINDINGCAN | BLINDINGCAN has executed commands via cmd.exe.127 |
G0108 | Blue Mockingbird | Blue Mockingbird has used batch script files to automate execution and deployment of payloads.320 |
S0360 | BONDUPDATER | BONDUPDATER can read batch commands in a file sent from its C2 server and execute them with cmd.exe.26 |
S0651 | BoxCaon | BoxCaon can execute arbitrary commands and utilize the “ComSpec” environment variable.41 |
G0060 | BRONZE BUTLER | BRONZE BUTLER has used batch scripts and the command-line interface for execution.175 |
S1063 | Brute Ratel C4 | Brute Ratel C4 can use cmd.exe for execution.10 |
S1039 | Bumblebee | Bumblebee can use cmd.exe to drop and run files.5453 |
C0015 | C0015 | During C0015, the threat actors used cmd.exe to execute commands and run malicious binaries.74 |
C0017 | C0017 | During C0017, APT41 used cmd.exe to execute reconnaissance commands.188 |
S0025 | CALENDAR | CALENDAR has a command to run cmd.exe to execute commands.30 |
S0030 | Carbanak | Carbanak has a command to create a reverse shell.246 |
S0348 | Cardinal RAT | Cardinal RAT can execute commands.63 |
S0462 | CARROTBAT | CARROTBAT has the ability to execute command line arguments on a compromised host.69 |
S0572 | Caterpillar WebShell | Caterpillar WebShell can run commands on the compromised asset with CMD functions.155 |
S1043 | ccf32 | ccf32 has used cmd.exe for archiving data and deleting files.3 |
S0631 | Chaes | Chaes has used cmd to execute tasks on the system.97 |
S0674 | CharmPower | The C# implementation of the CharmPower command execution module can use cmd .177 |
G0114 | Chimera | Chimera has used the Windows Command Shell and batch scripts for execution on compromised hosts.289 |
S0020 | China Chopper | China Chopper‘s server component is capable of opening a command terminal.208209210 |
S0660 | Clambling | Clambling can use cmd.exe for command execution.164 |
S0611 | Clop | Clop can use cmd.exe to help execute commands on the system.94 |
S0106 | cmd | cmd is used to execute programs and other actions at the command-line interface.12 |
G0080 | Cobalt Group | Cobalt Group has used a JavaScript backdoor that is capable of launching cmd.exe to execute shell commands.326 The group has used an exploit toolkit known as Threadkit that launches .bat files.327328329326330331 |
S0154 | Cobalt Strike | Cobalt Strike uses a command-line interface to interact with systems.141143144142 |
S0338 | Cobian RAT | Cobian RAT can launch a remote command shell interface for executing commands.211 |
S0369 | CoinTicker | CoinTicker executes a bash script to establish a reverse shell.128 |
S0244 | Comnie | Comnie executes BAT scripts.44 |
S0126 | ComRAT | ComRAT has used cmd.exe to execute commands.215 |
S0575 | Conti | Conti can utilize command line options to allow an attacker control over how it scans and encrypts files.7374 |
S0046 | CozyCar | A module in CozyCar allows arbitrary commands to be executed by invoking C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe .223 |
S0115 | Crimson | Crimson has the ability to execute commands with the COMSPEC environment variable.40 |
S0625 | Cuba | Cuba has used cmd.exe /c and batch files for execution.121 |
S1014 | DanBot | DanBot has the ability to execute arbitrary commands via cmd.exe .13380 |
G0070 | Dark Caracal | Dark Caracal has used macros in Word documents that would download a second stage if executed.321 |
S0334 | DarkComet | DarkComet can launch a remote shell to execute commands on the victim’s machine.263 |
G0012 | Darkhotel | Darkhotel has dropped an mspaint.lnk shortcut to disk which launches a shell script that downloads and executes a file.275 |
S1066 | DarkTortilla | DarkTortilla can use cmd.exe to add registry keys for persistence.158 |
S0673 | DarkWatchman | DarkWatchman can use cmd.exe to execute commands.266 |
S0187 | Daserf | Daserf can execute shell commands.174175 |
S1052 | DEADEYE | DEADEYE can run cmd /c copy /y /b C:\Users\public\syslog_6-*.dat C:\Users\public\syslog.dll to combine separated sections of code into a single DLL prior to execution.188 |
S0243 | DealersChoice | DealersChoice makes modifications to open-source scripts from GitHub and executes them on the victim’s machine.89 |
S0354 | Denis | Denis can launch a remote shell to execute arbitrary commands on the victim’s machine.9596 |
S0200 | Dipsind | Dipsind can spawn remote shells.45 |
S1021 | DnsSystem | DnsSystem can use cmd.exe for execution.270 |
S0186 | DownPaper | DownPaper uses the command line.39 |
G0035 | Dragonfly | Dragonfly has used various types of scripting to perform operations, including batch scripts.348 |
S0547 | DropBook | DropBook can execute arbitrary shell commands on the victims’ machines.150181 |
S0567 | Dtrack | Dtrack has used cmd.exe to add a persistent service.65 |
S0593 | ECCENTRICBANDWAGON | ECCENTRICBANDWAGON can use cmd to execute commands on a victim’s machine.189 |
S0554 | Egregor | Egregor has used batch files for execution and can launch Internet Explorer from cmd.exe.135136 |
G1003 | Ember Bear | Ember Bear had used cmd.exe and Windows Script Host (wscript) to execute malicious code.224 |
S0082 | Emissary | Emissary has the capability to create a remote shell and execute specified commands.71 |
S0367 | Emotet | Emotet has used cmd.exe to run a PowerShell script. 182 |
S0363 | Empire | Empire has modules for executing scripts.6 |
S0634 | EnvyScout | EnvyScout can use cmd.exe to execute malicious files on compromised hosts.245 |
S0396 | EvilBunny | EvilBunny has an integrated scripting engine to download and execute Lua scripts.268 |
S0343 | Exaramel for Windows | Exaramel for Windows has a command to launch a remote shell and executes commands on the victim’s machine.219 |
S0171 | Felismus | Felismus uses command line for execution.225 |
S0267 | FELIXROOT | FELIXROOT executes batch scripts on the victim’s machine, and can launch a reverse shell for command execution.118119 |
G0051 | FIN10 | FIN10 has executed malicious .bat files containing PowerShell commands.351 |
G0037 | FIN6 | FIN6 has used kill.bat script to disable security tools.347 |
G0046 | FIN7 | FIN7 used the command prompt to launch commands on the victim’s machine.272154 |
G0061 | FIN8 | FIN8 has used a Batch file to automate frequently executed post compromise cleanup activities.334 FIN8 has also executed commands remotely via cmd.333335 |
S0696 | Flagpro | Flagpro can use cmd.exe to execute commands received from C2.221 |
S0381 | FlawedAmmyy | FlawedAmmyy has used cmd to execute commands on a compromised host.198 |
G0117 | Fox Kitten | Fox Kitten has used cmd.exe likely as a password changing mechanism.325 |
C0001 | Frankenstein | During Frankenstein, the threat actors ran a command script to set up persistence as a scheduled task named “WinUpdate”, as well as other encoded commands from the command-line 360 |
S1044 | FunnyDream | FunnyDream can use cmd.exe for execution on remote hosts.3 |
C0007 | FunnyDream | During FunnyDream, the threat actors used cmd.exe to execute the wmiexec.vbs script.3 |
G0093 | GALLIUM | GALLIUM used the Windows command shell to execute commands.303 |
G0047 | Gamaredon Group | Gamaredon Group has used various batch scripts to establish C2 and download additional files. Gamaredon Group‘s backdoor malware has also been written to a batch file.166291292293 |
S0666 | Gelsemium | Gelsemium can use a batch script to delete itself.23 |
S0249 | Gold Dragon | Gold Dragon uses cmd.exe to execute commands for discovery.124 |
S0493 | GoldenSpy | GoldenSpy can execute remote commands via the command-line interface.58 |
S0588 | GoldMax | GoldMax can spawn a command shell, and execute native commands.159160 |
S0477 | Goopy | Goopy has the ability to use cmd.exe to execute commands passed from an Outlook C2 channel.96 |
G0078 | Gorgon Group | Gorgon Group malware can use cmd.exe to download and execute payloads and to execute commands on the system.279 |
S0237 | GravityRAT | GravityRAT executes commands remotely on the infected host.156 |
S0342 | GreyEnergy | GreyEnergy uses cmd.exe to execute itself in-memory.119 |
S0632 | GrimAgent | GrimAgent can use the Windows Command Shell to execute commands, including its own removal.192 |
S0132 | H1N1 | H1N1 kills and disables services by using cmd.exe.130 |
G0125 | HAFNIUM | HAFNIUM has used cmd.exe to execute commands on the victim’s machine.319 |
S0246 | HARDRAIN | HARDRAIN uses cmd.exe to execute netsh commands.163 |
S0391 | HAWKBALL | HAWKBALL has created a cmd.exe reverse shell, executed commands, and uploaded output via the command line.138 |
S0071 | hcdLoader | hcdLoader provides command-line access to the compromised system.162 |
S0170 | Helminth | Helminth can provide a remote shell. One version of Helminth uses batch scripting.202 |
S0697 | HermeticWiper | HermeticWiper can use cmd.exe /Q/c move CSIDL_SYSTEM_DRIVE\temp\sys.tmp1 CSIDL_WINDOWS\policydefinitions\postgresql.exe 1> \\127.0.0.1\ADMIN$\_1636727589.6007507 2>&1 to deploy on an infected system.197 |
S0698 | HermeticWizard | HermeticWizard can use cmd.exe for execution on compromised hosts.197 |
S0087 | Hi-Zor | Hi-Zor has the ability to create a reverse shell.107 |
S0394 | HiddenWasp | HiddenWasp uses a script to automate tasks on the victim’s machine and to assist in execution.139 |
G0126 | Higaisa | Higaisa used cmd.exe for execution.304305306 |
S0009 | Hikit | Hikit has the ability to create a remote shell and run given commands.84 |
S0232 | HOMEFRY | HOMEFRY uses a command-line interface.64 |
S0376 | HOPLIGHT | HOPLIGHT can launch cmd.exe to execute commands on the system.77 |
S0431 | HotCroissant | HotCroissant can remotely open applications on the infected host with the ShellExecuteA command.267 |
S0070 | HTTPBrowser | HTTPBrowser is capable of spawning a reverse shell on a victim.31 |
S0068 | httpclient | httpclient opens cmd.exe on the victim.98 |
G0119 | Indrik Spider | Indrik Spider has used batch scripts on victim’s machines.296 |
S0259 | InnaputRAT | InnaputRAT launches a shell to execute commands on the victim’s machine.86 |
S0260 | InvisiMole | InvisiMole can launch a remote shell to execute commands.230231 |
S0015 | Ixeshe | Ixeshe is capable of executing commands via cmd.205 |
S0389 | JCry | JCry has used cmd.exe to launch PowerShell.172 |
S0044 | JHUHUGIT | JHUHUGIT uses a .bat file to execute a .dll.83 |
S0201 | JPIN | JPIN can use the command-line utility cacls.exe to change file permissions.45 |
S0283 | jRAT | jRAT has command line access.22 |
S0088 | Kasidet | Kasidet can execute commands using cmd.exe.100 |
S0265 | Kazuar | Kazuar uses cmd.exe to execute commands on the victim’s machine.28 |
G0004 | Ke3chang | Ke3chang has used batch scripts in its malware to install persistence mechanisms.295 |
S1020 | Kevin | Kevin can use a renamed image of cmd.exe for execution.240 |
S0387 | KeyBoy | KeyBoy can launch interactive shells for communicating with the victim machine.1918 |
S0271 | KEYMARBLE | KEYMARBLE can execute shell commands using cmd.exe.265 |
S0526 | KGH_SPY | KGH_SPY has the ability to set a Registry key to run a cmd.exe command.15 |
G0094 | Kimsuky | Kimsuky has executed Windows commands by using cmd and running batch scripts.276277 |
S0250 | Koadic | Koadic can open an interactive command-shell to perform command line functions on victim machines. Koadic performs most of its operations using Windows Script Host (Jscript) and to run arbitrary shellcode.54 |
S0669 | KOCTOPUS | KOCTOPUS has used cmd.exe and batch files for execution.4 |
S0156 | KOMPROGO | KOMPROGO is capable of creating a reverse shell.81 |
S0356 | KONNI | KONNI has used cmd.exe to execute arbitrary commands on the infected host across different stages of the infection chain.184183185 |
G0032 | Lazarus Group | Lazarus Group malware uses cmd.exe to execute commands on a compromised host.282281284285283 A Destover-like variant used by Lazarus Group uses a batch file mechanism to delete its binaries from the system.193 |
G0140 | LazyScripter | LazyScripter has used batch files to deploy open-source and multi-stage RATs.4 |
S0395 | LightNeuron | LightNeuron is capable of executing commands via cmd.exe.50 |
S0211 | Linfo | Linfo creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can start a remote shell.38 |
S0681 | Lizar | Lizar has a command to open the command-line on the infected system.256257 |
S0447 | Lokibot | Lokibot has used cmd /c commands embedded within batch scripts.49 |
S0582 | LookBack | LookBack executes the cmd.exe command.190 |
S0451 | LoudMiner | LoudMiner used a batch script to run the Linux virtual machine as a service.32 |
S0532 | Lucifer | Lucifer can issue shell commands to download and execute additional payloads.218 |
G0095 | Machete | Machete has used batch files to initiate additional downloads of malicious files.288 |
S1060 | Mafalda | Mafalda can execute shell commands using cmd.exe .126 |
G0059 | Magic Hound | Magic Hound has used the command-line interface for code execution.309308307 |
S0652 | MarkiRAT | MarkiRAT can utilize cmd.exe to execute commands in a victim’s environment.151 |
S0449 | Maze | The Maze encryption process has used batch scripts with various commands.9192 |
S0500 | MCMD | MCMD can launch a console process (cmd.exe) with redirected standard input and output.2 |
S0459 | MechaFlounder | MechaFlounder has the ability to run commands on a compromised host.61 |
S0576 | MegaCortex | MegaCortex has used .cmd scripts on the victim’s system.222 |
G0045 | menuPass | menuPass executes commands using a command-line interface and reverse shell. The group has used a modified version of pentesting script wmiexec.vbs to execute commands.323239324134 menuPass has used malicious macros embedded inside Office documents to execute files.322134 |
G1013 | Metador | Metador has used the Windows command line to execute commands.290 |
S0455 | Metamorfo | Metamorfo has used cmd.exe /c to execute files.87 |
S0688 | Meteor | Meteor can run set.bat , update.bat , cache.bat , bcd.bat , msrun.bat , and similar scripts.254 |
S0339 | Micropsia | Micropsia creates a command-line shell using cmd.exe.62 |
S1015 | Milan | Milan can use cmd.exe for discovery actions on a targeted system.80 |
S0280 | MirageFox | MirageFox has the capability to execute commands using cmd.exe.152 |
S0084 | Mis-Type | Mis-Type has used cmd.exe to run commands on a compromised host.25 |
S0083 | Misdat | Misdat is capable of providing shell functionality to the attacker to execute commands.25 |
S0080 | Mivast | Mivast has the capability to open a remote shell and run basic commands.168 |
S0553 | MoleNet | MoleNet can execute commands via the command line utility.150 |
S0149 | MoonWind | MoonWind can execute commands via an interactive command shell.178 MoonWind uses batch scripts for various purposes, including to restart and uninstall itself.178 |
S0284 | More_eggs | More_eggs has used cmd.exe for execution.235236 |
S0256 | Mosquito | Mosquito executes cmd.exe and uses a pipe to read the results and send back the output to the C2 server.186 |
G0069 | MuddyWater | MuddyWater has used a custom tool for creating reverse shells.337 |
S0233 | MURKYTOP | MURKYTOP uses the command-line interface.64 |
G0129 | Mustang Panda | Mustang Panda has executed HTA files via cmd.exe, and used batch scripts for collection.345346 |
S0336 | NanoCore | NanoCore can open a remote command-line interface and execute commands.237 NanoCore uses JavaScript files.238 |
S0247 | NavRAT | NavRAT leverages cmd.exe to perform discovery techniques.203 NavRAT loads malicious shellcode and executes it in memory.203 |
S0630 | Nebulae | Nebulae can use CMD to execute a process.56 |
S0034 | NETEAGLE | NETEAGLE allows adversaries to execute shell commands on the infected host.85 |
S0457 | Netwalker | Operators deploying Netwalker have used batch scripts to retrieve the Netwalker payload.255 |
S0198 | NETWIRE | NETWIRE can issue commands using cmd.exe.169170 |
C0002 | Night Dragon | During Night Dragon, threat actors used zwShell to establish full remote control of the connected machine and run command-line shells.125 |
S0385 | njRAT | njRAT can launch a command shell interface for executing commands.27 |
G0133 | Nomadic Octopus | Nomadic Octopus used cmd.exe /c within a malicious macro.338 |
S0346 | OceanSalt | OceanSalt can create a reverse shell on the infected endpoint using cmd.exe.179 OceanSalt has been executed via malicious macros.179 |
G0049 | OilRig | OilRig has used macros to deliver malware such as QUADAGENT and OopsIE.99286241110287 OilRig has used batch scripts.99286241110287 |
S0439 | Okrum | Okrum‘s backdoor has used cmd.exe to execute arbitrary commands as well as batch scripts to update itself to a newer version.101 |
S0264 | OopsIE | OopsIE uses the command prompt to execute commands on the victim’s machine.241242 |
C0012 | Operation CuckooBees | During Operation CuckooBees, the threat actors used batch scripts to perform reconnaissance.352 |
C0022 | Operation Dream Job | During Operation Dream Job, Lazarus Group launched malicious DLL files, created new folders, and renamed folders with the use of the Windows command shell.356357 |
C0006 | Operation Honeybee | During Operation Honeybee, various implants used batch scripting and cmd.exe for execution.355 |
C0014 | Operation Wocao | During Operation Wocao, threat actors spawned a new cmd.exe process to execute commands.358 |
S0229 | Orz | Orz can execute shell commands.106 Orz can execute commands with JavaScript.106 |
S0594 | Out1 | Out1 can use native command line for execution.11 |
S1017 | OutSteel | OutSteel has used cmd.exe to scan a compromised host for specific file extensions.224 |
G0040 | Patchwork | Patchwork ran a reverse shell with Meterpreter.299 Patchwork used JavaScript code and .SCT files on victim machines.123300 |
S1050 | PcShare | PcShare can execute cmd commands on a compromised host.3 |
S0643 | Peppy | Peppy has the ability to execute shell commands.48 |
S0158 | PHOREAL | PHOREAL is capable of creating reverse shell.81 |
S1031 | PingPull | PingPull can use cmd.exe to run various commands as a reverse shell.93 |
S0124 | Pisloader | Pisloader uses cmd.exe to set the Registry Run key value. It also has a command to spawn a command shell.261 |
S0254 | PLAINTEE | PLAINTEE uses cmd.exe to execute commands on the victim’s machine.220 |
S0435 | PLEAD | PLEAD has the ability to execute shell commands on the compromised host.113 |
S0013 | PlugX | PlugX allows actors to spawn a reverse shell on a victim.3157 |
S0428 | PoetRAT | PoetRAT has called cmd through a Word document macro.149 |
S0012 | PoisonIvy | PoisonIvy creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can open a command-line interface.132 |
S0453 | Pony | Pony has used batch scripts to delete itself after execution.78 |
S0139 | PowerDuke | PowerDuke runs cmd.exe /c and sends the output to its C2.72 |
S0184 | POWRUNER | POWRUNER can execute commands from its C2 server.99 |
S0238 | Proxysvc | Proxysvc executes a binary on the system and logs the results into a temp file by using: cmd.exe /c “ .193 |
S0147 | Pteranodon | Pteranodon can use cmd.exe for execution on victim systems.166167 |
S1032 | PyDCrypt | PyDCrypt has used cmd.exe for execution.115 |
S0650 | QakBot | QakBot can use cmd.exe to launch itself and to execute multiple C2 commands.247249248142 |
S0269 | QUADAGENT | QUADAGENT uses cmd.exe to execute scripts and commands on the victim’s machine.110 |
S0262 | QuasarRAT | QuasarRAT can launch a remote shell to execute commands on the victim’s machine.98 |
S0481 | Ragnar Locker | Ragnar Locker has used cmd.exe and batch scripts to execute commands.191 |
S0629 | RainyDay | RainyDay can use the Windows Command Shell for execution.56 |
G0075 | Rancor | Rancor has used cmd.exe to execute commmands.220 |
S0241 | RATANKBA | RATANKBA uses cmd.exe to execute commands.3536 |
S0662 | RCSession | RCSession can use cmd.exe for execution on compromised hosts.164 |
S0495 | RDAT | RDAT has executed commands using cmd.exe /c .17 |
S0153 | RedLeaves | RedLeaves can receive and execute commands with cmd.exe. It can also provide a reverse shell.239120 |
S0332 | Remcos | Remcos can launch a remote command line to execute commands on the victim’s machine.13 |
S0375 | Remexi | Remexi silently executes received commands with cmd.exe.60 |
S0379 | Revenge RAT | Revenge RAT uses cmd.exe to execute commands and run scripts on the victim’s machine.59 |
S0496 | REvil | REvil can use the Windows command line to delete volume shadow copies and disable recovery.145146147148 |
S0258 | RGDoor | RGDoor uses cmd.exe to execute commands on the victim’s machine.108 |
S0448 | Rising Sun | Rising Sun has executed commands using cmd.exe /c “<command> > <%temp%>\AM<random>. tmp” 2>&1 .161 |
S0400 | RobbinHood | RobbinHood uses cmd.exe on the victim’s computer.117 |
S0270 | RogueRobin | RogueRobin uses Windows Script Components.199200 |
S0148 | RTM | RTM uses the command line and rundll32.exe to execute.109 |
S0253 | RunningRAT | RunningRAT uses a batch file to kill a security program task and then attempts to remove itself.124 |
S0446 | Ryuk | Ryuk has used cmd.exe to create a Registry entry to establish persistence.264 |
S0085 | S-Type | S-Type has provided the ability to execute shell commands on a compromised host.25 |
S1018 | Saint Bot | Saint Bot has used cmd.exe and .bat scripts for execution.224 |
S0074 | Sakula | Sakula calls cmd.exe to run various DLL files via rundll32 and also to perform file cleanup. Sakula also has the capability to invoke a reverse shell.226 |
S0370 | SamSam | SamSam uses custom batch scripts to execute some of its components.187 |
S0461 | SDBbot | SDBbot has the ability to use the command shell to execute commands on a compromised host.55 |
S0053 | SeaDuke | SeaDuke is capable of executing commands.212 |
S0345 | Seasalt | Seasalt uses cmd.exe to create a reverse shell on the infected endpoint.30 |
S0185 | SEASHARPEE | SEASHARPEE can execute commands on victims.111 |
S0382 | ServHelper | ServHelper can execute shell commands against cmd.228229 |
S0639 | Seth-Locker | Seth-Locker can execute commands via the command line shell.16 |
S1019 | Shark | Shark has the ability to use CMD to execute commands.8079 |
S0546 | SharpStage | SharpStage can execute arbitrary commands with the command line.150181 |
S0444 | ShimRat | ShimRat can be issued a command shell function from the C2.116 |
S0610 | SideTwist | SideTwist can execute shell commands on a compromised host.173 |
G0091 | Silence | Silence has used Windows command-line to run commands.310311312 |
S0692 | SILENTTRINITY | SILENTTRINITY can use cmd.exe to enable lateral movement using DCOM.7 |
S0623 | Siloscape | Siloscape can run cmd through an IRC channel.180 |
S0533 | SLOTHFULMEDIA | SLOTHFULMEDIA can open a command line to execute commands.194 |
S1035 | Small Sieve | Small Sieve can use cmd.exe to execute commands on a victim’s system.243 |
S0159 | SNUGRIDE | SNUGRIDE is capable of executing commands and spawning a reverse shell.120 |
C0024 | SolarWinds Compromise | During the SolarWinds Compromise, APT29 used cmd.exe to execute commands on remote machines.353354 |
G0054 | Sowbug | Sowbug has used command line during its intrusions.318 |
S0543 | Spark | Spark can use cmd.exe to run commands.90 |
S0390 | SQLRat | SQLRat has used SQL to execute JavaScript and VB scripts on the host system.154 |
S1030 | Squirrelwaffle | Squirrelwaffle has used cmd.exe for execution.102 |
S1037 | STARWHALE | STARWHALE has the ability to execute commands via cmd.exe .14 |
S0142 | StreamEx | StreamEx has the ability to remotely execute commands.271 |
S1034 | StrifeWater | StrifeWater can execute shell commands using cmd.exe .29 |
G0039 | Suckfly | Several tools used by Suckfly have been command-line driven.314 |
S1049 | SUGARUSH | SUGARUSH has used cmd for execution on an infected host.68 |
S0464 | SYSCON | SYSCON has the ability to execute commands through cmd on a compromised host.69 |
G0092 | TA505 | TA505 has executed commands using cmd.exe .280 |
G0127 | TA551 | TA551 has used cmd.exe to execute commands.336 |
S0011 | Taidoor | Taidoor can copy cmd.exe into the system temp folder.244 |
S0586 | TAINTEDSCRIBE | TAINTEDSCRIBE can enable Windows CLI access and execute files.114 |
S1011 | Tarrask | Tarrask may abuse the Windows schtasks command-line tool to create “hidden” scheduled tasks.37 |
S0164 | TDTESS | TDTESS provides a reverse shell on the victim.269 |
G0139 | TeamTNT | TeamTNT has used batch scripts to download tools and executing cryptocurrency miners.340 |
S0146 | TEXTMATE | TEXTMATE executes cmd.exe to provide a reverse shell to adversaries.105104 |
G0028 | Threat Group-1314 | Threat Group-1314 actors spawned shells on remote systems on a victim network to execute commands.315 |
G0027 | Threat Group-3390 | Threat Group-3390 has used command-line interfaces for execution.208278 |
S0668 | TinyTurla | TinyTurla has been installed using a .bat file.157 |
S0004 | TinyZBot | TinyZBot supports execution from the command-line.153 |
S0266 | TrickBot | TrickBot has used macros in Excel documents to download and deploy the malware on the user’s machine.195 |
S0094 | Trojan.Karagany | Trojan.Karagany can perform reconnaissance commands on a victim machine via a cmd.exe process.137 |
G0081 | Tropic Trooper | Tropic Trooper has used Windows command scripts.82 |
S0436 | TSCookie | TSCookie has the ability to execute shell commands on the infected host.253 |
S0647 | Turian | Turian can create a remote shell and execute commands using cmd.227 |
G0010 | Turla | Turla RPC backdoors have used cmd.exe to execute commands.349350 |
S0199 | TURNEDUP | TURNEDUP is capable of creating a reverse shell.165 |
S0263 | TYPEFRAME | TYPEFRAME can uninstall malware components using a batch script.88 TYPEFRAME can execute commands using a shell.88 |
S0333 | UBoatRAT | UBoatRAT can start a command shell.21 |
S0221 | Umbreon | Umbreon provides access using both standard facilities like SSH and additional access using its backdoor Espeon, providing a reverse shell upon receipt of a special packet129 |
S0275 | UPPERCUT | UPPERCUT uses cmd.exe to execute commands on the victim’s machine.134 |
S0452 | USBferry | USBferry can execute various Windows commands.82 |
S0180 | Volgmer | Volgmer can execute commands on the victim’s machine.213214 |
S0670 | WarzoneRAT | WarzoneRAT can use cmd.exe to execute malicious code.176 |
S0612 | WastedLocker | WastedLocker has used cmd to execute commands on the system.262 |
S0109 | WEBC2 | WEBC2 can open an interactive command shell.103 |
S0514 | WellMess | WellMess can execute command line scripts received from C2.67 |
S0689 | WhisperGate | WhisperGate can use cmd.exe to execute commands.131 |
S0206 | Wiarp | Wiarp creates a backdoor through which remote attackers can open a command line interface.250 |
G0102 | Wizard Spider | Wizard Spider has used cmd.exe to execute commands on a victim’s machine.313 |
S1065 | Woody RAT | Woody RAT can execute commands using cmd.exe .204 |
S0653 | xCaon | xCaon has a command to start an interactive shell.41 |
S0117 | XTunnel | XTunnel has been used to execute remote commands.196 |
S0251 | Zebrocy | Zebrocy uses cmd.exe to execute commands on the system.3334 |
S0330 | Zeus Panda | Zeus Panda can launch an interface where it can execute several commands on the victim’s PC.201 |
G0128 | ZIRCONIUM | ZIRCONIUM has used a tool to open a Windows Command Shell on a remote host.317 |
S0086 | ZLib | ZLib has the ability to execute shell commands.25 |
S0350 | zwShell | zwShell can launch command-line shells.125 |
S0412 | ZxShell | ZxShell can launch a reverse command shell.260258259 |
Mitigations
ID | Mitigation | Description |
---|---|---|
M1038 | Execution Prevention | Use application control where appropriate. |
Detection
ID | Data Source | Data Component |
---|---|---|
DS0017 | Command | Command Execution |
DS0009 | Process | Process Creation |
References
-
Microsoft. (2020, May 19). Tutorial: SSH in Windows Terminal. Retrieved July 26, 2021. ↩
-
Secureworks. (2019, July 24). MCMD Malware Analysis. Retrieved August 13, 2020. ↩
-
Vrabie, V. (2020, November). Dissecting a Chinese APT Targeting South Eastern Asian Government Institutions. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ↩↩↩↩
-
Jazi, H. (2021, February). LazyScripter: From Empire to double RAT. Retrieved November 24, 2021. ↩↩↩
-
Magius, J., et al. (2017, July 19). Koadic. Retrieved June 18, 2018. ↩
-
Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016. ↩
-
Salvati, M. (2019, August 6). SILENTTRINITY Modules. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ↩
-
CISA. (2018, December 18). Analysis Report (AR18-352A) Quasar Open-Source Remote Administration Tool. Retrieved August 1, 2022. ↩
-
Harbison, M. and Renals, P. (2022, July 5). When Pentest Tools Go Brutal: Red-Teaming Tool Being Abused by Malicious Actors. Retrieved February 1, 2023. ↩
-
Peretz, A. and Theck, E. (2021, March 5). Earth Vetala – MuddyWater Continues to Target Organizations in the Middle East. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ↩
-
Bacurio, F., Salvio, J. (2017, February 14). REMCOS: A New RAT In The Wild. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ↩
-
Tomcik, R. et al. (2022, February 24). Left On Read: Telegram Malware Spotted in Latest Iranian Cyber Espionage Activity. Retrieved August 18, 2022. ↩
-
Dahan, A. et al. (2020, November 2). Back to the Future: Inside the Kimsuky KGH Spyware Suite. Retrieved November 6, 2020. ↩
-
Centero, R. et al. (2021, February 5). New in Ransomware: Seth-Locker, Babuk Locker, Maoloa, TeslaCrypt, and CobraLocker. Retrieved August 11, 2021. ↩
-
Falcone, R. (2020, July 22). OilRig Targets Middle Eastern Telecommunications Organization and Adds Novel C2 Channel with Steganography to Its Inventory. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ↩
-
Guarnieri, C., Schloesser M. (2013, June 7). KeyBoy, Targeted Attacks against Vietnam and India. Retrieved June 14, 2019. ↩
-
Parys, B. (2017, February 11). The KeyBoys are back in town. Retrieved June 13, 2019. ↩
-
Hinchliffe, A. and Falcone, R. (2020, May 11). Updated BackConfig Malware Targeting Government and Military Organizations in South Asia. Retrieved June 17, 2020. ↩
-
Hayashi, K. (2017, November 28). UBoatRAT Navigates East Asia. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ↩
-
Kamluk, V. & Gostev, A. (2016, February). Adwind - A Cross-Platform RAT. Retrieved April 23, 2019. ↩
-
Dupuy, T. and Faou, M. (2021, June). Gelsemium. Retrieved November 30, 2021. ↩
-
Chen, J. et al. (2019, November). Operation ENDTRADE: TICK’s Multi-Stage Backdoors for Attacking Industries and Stealing Classified Data. Retrieved June 9, 2020. ↩↩
-
Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021. ↩↩↩↩
-
Wilhoit, K. and Falcone, R. (2018, September 12). OilRig Uses Updated BONDUPDATER to Target Middle Eastern Government. Retrieved February 18, 2019. ↩
-
Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2013, June 28). Fidelis Threat Advisory #1009: “njRAT” Uncovered. Retrieved June 4, 2019. ↩
-
Levene, B, et al. (2017, May 03). Kazuar: Multiplatform Espionage Backdoor with API Access. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ↩
-
Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, February 1). StrifeWater RAT: Iranian APT Moses Staff Adds New Trojan to Ransomware Operations. Retrieved August 15, 2022. ↩
-
Mandiant. (n.d.). Appendix C (Digital) - The Malware Arsenal. Retrieved July 18, 2016. ↩↩↩
-
Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018. ↩↩
-
Malik, M. (2019, June 20). LoudMiner: Cross-platform mining in cracked VST software. Retrieved May 18, 2020. ↩
-
ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ↩
-
CISA. (2020, October 29). Malware Analysis Report (AR20-303B). Retrieved December 9, 2020. ↩
-
Lei, C., et al. (2018, January 24). Lazarus Campaign Targeting Cryptocurrencies Reveals Remote Controller Tool, an Evolved RATANKBA, and More. Retrieved May 22, 2018. ↩
-
Trend Micro. (2017, February 27). RATANKBA: Delving into Large-scale Watering Holes against Enterprises. Retrieved May 22, 2018. ↩
-
Microsoft Threat Intelligence Team & Detection and Response Team . (2022, April 12). Tarrask malware uses scheduled tasks for defense evasion. Retrieved June 1, 2022. ↩
-
Zhou, R. (2012, May 15). Backdoor.Linfo. Retrieved February 23, 2018. ↩
-
ClearSky Cyber Security. (2017, December). Charming Kitten. Retrieved December 27, 2017. ↩
-
Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ↩
-
CheckPoint Research. (2021, July 1). IndigoZebra APT continues to attack Central Asia with evolving tools. Retrieved September 24, 2021. ↩↩
-
Microsoft Defender Threat Intelligence. (2022, June 13). The many lives of BlackCat ransomware. Retrieved December 20, 2022. ↩
-
Unit 42. (2019, February 22). New BabyShark Malware Targets U.S. National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved October 7, 2019. ↩
-
Grunzweig, J. (2018, January 31). Comnie Continues to Target Organizations in East Asia. Retrieved June 7, 2018. ↩
-
Windows Defender Advanced Threat Hunting Team. (2016, April 29). PLATINUM: Targeted attacks in South and Southeast Asia. Retrieved February 15, 2018. ↩↩↩
-
Sogeti. (2021, March). Babuk Ransomware. Retrieved August 11, 2021. ↩
-
Mundo, A. et al. (2021, February). Technical Analysis of Babuk Ransomware. Retrieved August 11, 2021. ↩
-
Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016. ↩
-
Muhammad, I., Unterbrink, H.. (2021, January 6). A Deep Dive into Lokibot Infection Chain. Retrieved August 31, 2021. ↩
-
Faou, M. (2019, May). Turla LightNeuron: One email away from remote code execution. Retrieved June 24, 2019. ↩
-
ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 2: Observing the Comings and Goings. Retrieved November 21, 2016. ↩
-
Bitdefender. (2015, December). APT28 Under the Scope. Retrieved February 23, 2017. ↩
-
Merriman, K. and Trouerbach, P. (2022, April 28). This isn’t Optimus Prime’s Bumblebee but it’s Still Transforming. Retrieved August 22, 2022. ↩
-
Stolyarov, V. (2022, March 17). Exposing initial access broker with ties to Conti. Retrieved August 18, 2022. ↩
-
Schwarz, D. et al. (2019, October 16). TA505 Distributes New SDBbot Remote Access Trojan with Get2 Downloader. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ↩
-
Vrabie, V. (2021, April 23). NAIKON – Traces from a Military Cyber-Espionage Operation. Retrieved June 29, 2021. ↩↩
-
Computer Incident Response Center Luxembourg. (2013, March 29). Analysis of a PlugX variant. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ↩
-
Trustwave SpiderLabs. (2020, June 25). The Golden Tax Department and Emergence of GoldenSpy Malware. Retrieved July 23, 2020. ↩
-
Gannon, M. (2019, February 11). With Upgrades in Delivery and Support Infrastructure, Revenge RAT Malware is a Bigger Threat. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ↩
-
Legezo, D. (2019, January 30). Chafer used Remexi malware to spy on Iran-based foreign diplomatic entities. Retrieved April 17, 2019. ↩
-
Falcone, R. (2019, March 4). New Python-Based Payload MechaFlounder Used by Chafer. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ↩
-
Tsarfaty, Y. (2018, July 25). Micropsia Malware. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ↩
-
Grunzweig, J.. (2017, April 20). Cardinal RAT Active for Over Two Years. Retrieved December 8, 2018. ↩
-
FireEye. (2018, March 16). Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (TEMP.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↩↩
-
Hod Gavriel. (2019, November 21). Dtrack: In-depth analysis of APT on a nuclear power plant. Retrieved January 20, 2021. ↩
-
MSTIC. (2019, December 12). GALLIUM: Targeting global telecom. Retrieved January 13, 2021. ↩
-
PWC. (2020, July 16). How WellMess malware has been used to target COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved September 24, 2020. ↩
-
Mandiant Israel Research Team. (2022, August 17). Suspected Iranian Actor Targeting Israeli Shipping, Healthcare, Government and Energy Sectors. Retrieved September 21, 2022. ↩
-
McCabe, A. (2020, January 23). The Fractured Statue Campaign: U.S. Government Agency Targeted in Spear-Phishing Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2020. ↩↩
-
Salem, E. (2019, February 13). ASTAROTH MALWARE USES LEGITIMATE OS AND ANTIVIRUS PROCESSES TO STEAL PASSWORDS AND PERSONAL DATA. Retrieved April 17, 2019. ↩
-
Falcone, R. and Miller-Osborn, J.. (2015, December 18). Attack on French Diplomat Linked to Operation Lotus Blossom. Retrieved February 15, 2016. ↩
-
Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017. ↩
-
Baskin, B. (2020, July 8). TAU Threat Discovery: Conti Ransomware. Retrieved February 17, 2021. ↩
-
DFIR Report. (2021, November 29). CONTInuing the Bazar Ransomware Story. Retrieved September 29, 2022. ↩↩
-
Galperin, E., Et al.. (2016, August). I Got a Letter From the Government the Other Day.... Retrieved April 25, 2018. ↩
-
Check Point. (2020, November 26). Bandook: Signed & Delivered. Retrieved May 31, 2021. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2019, April 10). MAR-10135536-8 – North Korean Trojan: HOPLIGHT. Retrieved April 19, 2019. ↩
-
hasherezade. (2016, April 11). No money, but Pony! From a mail to a trojan horse. Retrieved May 21, 2020. ↩
-
Accenture. (2021, November 9). Who are latest targets of cyber group Lyceum?. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ↩
-
ClearSky Cyber Security . (2021, August). New Iranian Espionage Campaign By “Siamesekitten” - Lyceum. Retrieved June 6, 2022. ↩↩↩
-
Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017. ↩↩
-
Chen, J.. (2020, May 12). Tropic Trooper’s Back: USBferry Attack Targets Air gapped Environments. Retrieved May 20, 2020. ↩↩
-
Mercer, W., et al. (2017, October 22). “Cyber Conflict” Decoy Document Used in Real Cyber Conflict. Retrieved November 2, 2018. ↩↩
-
Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 22). The “Hikit” Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 2). Retrieved May 4, 2020. ↩
-
FireEye Labs. (2015, April). APT30 AND THE MECHANICS OF A LONG-RUNNING CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATION. Retrieved May 1, 2015. ↩↩
-
ASERT Team. (2018, April 04). Innaput Actors Utilize Remote Access Trojan Since 2016, Presumably Targeting Victim Files. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ↩
-
Erlich, C. (2020, April 3). The Avast Abuser: Metamorfo Banking Malware Hides By Abusing Avast Executable. Retrieved May 26, 2020. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2018, June 14). MAR-10135536-12 – North Korean Trojan: TYPEFRAME. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ↩↩
-
Falcone, R. (2018, March 15). Sofacy Uses DealersChoice to Target European Government Agency. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ↩
-
Falcone, R., et al. (2020, March 3). Molerats Delivers Spark Backdoor to Government and Telecommunications Organizations. Retrieved December 14, 2020. ↩
-
Kennelly, J., Goody, K., Shilko, J. (2020, May 7). Navigating the MAZE: Tactics, Techniques and Procedures Associated With MAZE Ransomware Incidents. Retrieved May 18, 2020. ↩
-
Brandt, A., Mackenzie, P.. (2020, September 17). Maze Attackers Adopt Ragnar Locker Virtual Machine Technique. Retrieved October 9, 2020. ↩
-
Unit 42. (2022, June 13). GALLIUM Expands Targeting Across Telecommunications, Government and Finance Sectors With New PingPull Tool. Retrieved August 7, 2022. ↩
-
Cybereason Nocturnus. (2020, December 23). Cybereason vs. Clop Ransomware. Retrieved May 11, 2021. ↩
-
Dahan, A. (2017, May 24). OPERATION COBALT KITTY: A LARGE-SCALE APT IN ASIA CARRIED OUT BY THE OCEANLOTUS GROUP. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ↩
-
Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018. ↩↩↩
-
Salem, E. (2020, November 17). CHAES: Novel Malware Targeting Latin American E-Commerce. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ↩
-
Crowdstrike Global Intelligence Team. (2014, June 9). CrowdStrike Intelligence Report: Putter Panda. Retrieved January 22, 2016. ↩↩
-
Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ↩↩↩
-
Yadav, A., et al. (2016, January 29). Malicious Office files dropping Kasidet and Dridex. Retrieved March 24, 2016. ↩
-
Hromcova, Z. (2019, July). OKRUM AND KETRICAN: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT KE3CHANG GROUP ACTIVITY. Retrieved May 6, 2020. ↩
-
Palazolo, G. (2021, October 7). SquirrelWaffle: New Malware Loader Delivering Cobalt Strike and QakBot. Retrieved August 9, 2022. ↩
-
Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016. ↩↩
-
Brumaghin, E. and Grady, C.. (2017, March 2). Covert Channels and Poor Decisions: The Tale of DNSMessenger. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ↩
-
Miller, S., et al. (2017, March 7). FIN7 Spear Phishing Campaign Targets Personnel Involved in SEC Filings. Retrieved March 8, 2017. ↩
-
Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018. ↩↩
-
Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, December 16). Fidelis Threat Advisory #1020: Dissecting the Malware Involved in the INOCNATION Campaign. Retrieved March 24, 2016. ↩
-
Falcone, R. (2018, January 25). OilRig uses RGDoor IIS Backdoor on Targets in the Middle East. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ↩
-
Faou, M. and Boutin, J. (2017, February). Read The Manual: A Guide to the RTM Banking Trojan. Retrieved March 9, 2017. ↩
-
Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, July 25). OilRig Targets Technology Service Provider and Government Agency with QUADAGENT. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ↩↩↩
-
Davis, S. and Caban, D. (2017, December 19). APT34 - New Targeted Attack in the Middle East. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ↩
-
Threat Intelligence Team. (2021, December 2). SideCopy APT: Connecting lures victims, payloads to infrastructure. Retrieved June 13, 2022. ↩↩
-
Tomonaga, S. (2018, June 8). PLEAD Downloader Used by BlackTech. Retrieved May 6, 2020. ↩
-
USG. (2020, May 12). MAR-10288834-2.v1 – North Korean Trojan: TAINTEDSCRIBE. Retrieved March 5, 2021. ↩
-
Checkpoint Research. (2021, November 15). Uncovering MosesStaff techniques: Ideology over Money. Retrieved August 11, 2022. ↩
-
Yonathan Klijnsma. (2016, May 17). Mofang: A politically motivated information stealing adversary. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ↩
-
Lee, S. (2019, May 17). CB TAU Threat Intelligence Notification: RobbinHood Ransomware Stops 181 Windows Services Before Encryption. Retrieved July 29, 2019. ↩
-
Patil, S. (2018, June 26). Microsoft Office Vulnerabilities Used to Distribute FELIXROOT Backdoor in Recent Campaign. Retrieved July 31, 2018. ↩
-
Cherepanov, A. (2018, October). GREYENERGY A successor to BlackEnergy. Retrieved November 15, 2018. ↩↩
-
FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, April 6). APT10 (MenuPass Group): New Tools, Global Campaign Latest Manifestation of Longstanding Threat. Retrieved June 29, 2017. ↩↩
-
Roccio, T., et al. (2021, April). Technical Analysis of Cuba Ransomware. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ↩
-
Settle, A., et al. (2016, August 8). MONSOON - Analysis Of An APT Campaign. Retrieved September 22, 2016. ↩
-
Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018. ↩↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R., Saavedra-Morales, J. (2018, February 02). Gold Dragon Widens Olympics Malware Attacks, Gains Permanent Presence on Victims’ Systems. Retrieved June 6, 2018. ↩↩
-
McAfee® Foundstone® Professional Services and McAfee Labs™. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: “Night Dragon”. Retrieved February 19, 2018. ↩↩
-
SentinelLabs. (2022, September 22). Metador Technical Appendix. Retrieved April 4, 2023. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 – North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020. ↩
-
Thomas Reed. (2018, October 29). Mac cryptocurrency ticker app installs backdoors. Retrieved April 23, 2019. ↩
-
Fernando Mercês. (2016, September 5). Pokémon-themed Umbreon Linux Rootkit Hits x86, ARM Systems. Retrieved March 5, 2018. ↩
-
Reynolds, J.. (2016, September 14). H1N1: Technical analysis reveals new capabilities – part 2. Retrieved September 26, 2016. ↩
-
Falcone, R. et al.. (2022, January 20). Threat Brief: Ongoing Russia and Ukraine Cyber Conflict. Retrieved March 10, 2022. ↩
-
Hayashi, K. (2005, August 18). Backdoor.Darkmoon. Retrieved February 23, 2018. ↩
-
SecureWorks 2019, August 27 LYCEUM Takes Center Stage in Middle East Campaign Retrieved. 2019/11/19 ↩
-
Matsuda, A., Muhammad I. (2018, September 13). APT10 Targeting Japanese Corporations Using Updated TTPs. Retrieved September 17, 2018. ↩↩↩
-
Joe Security. (n.d.). Analysis Report fasm.dll. Retrieved January 6, 2021. ↩
-
Rochberger, L. (2020, November 26). Cybereason vs. Egregor Ransomware. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ↩
-
Secureworks. (2019, July 24). Updated Karagany Malware Targets Energy Sector. Retrieved August 12, 2020. ↩
-
Patil, S. and Williams, M.. (2019, June 5). Government Sector in Central Asia Targeted With New HAWKBALL Backdoor Delivered via Microsoft Office Vulnerabilities. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ↩
-
Sanmillan, I. (2019, May 29). HiddenWasp Malware Stings Targeted Linux Systems. Retrieved June 24, 2019. ↩
-
Vilkomir-Preisman, S. (2022, August 18). Beating Black Basta Ransomware. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ↩
-
Cobalt Strike. (2017, December 8). Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ↩
-
Kenefick, I. et al. (2022, October 12). Black Basta Ransomware Gang Infiltrates Networks via QAKBOT, Brute Ratel, and Cobalt Strike. Retrieved February 6, 2023. ↩↩
-
Mavis, N. (2020, September 21). The Art and Science of Detecting Cobalt Strike. Retrieved April 6, 2021. ↩
-
Strategic Cyber LLC. (2020, November 5). Cobalt Strike: Advanced Threat Tactics for Penetration Testers. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ↩
-
Cylance. (2019, July 3). hreat Spotlight: Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020. ↩
-
Cadieux, P, et al (2019, April 30). Sodinokibi ransomware exploits WebLogic Server vulnerability. Retrieved August 4, 2020. ↩
-
Ozarslan, S. (2020, January 15). A Brief History of Sodinokibi. Retrieved August 5, 2020. ↩
-
Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, September 24). REvil/Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020. ↩
-
Mercer, W. Rascagneres, P. Ventura, V. (2020, October 6). PoetRAT: Malware targeting public and private sector in Azerbaijan evolves . Retrieved April 9, 2021. ↩
-
Cybereason Nocturnus Team. (2020, December 9). MOLERATS IN THE CLOUD: New Malware Arsenal Abuses Cloud Platforms in Middle East Espionage Campaign. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ↩↩↩
-
GReAT. (2021, June 16). Ferocious Kitten: 6 Years of Covert Surveillance in Iran. Retrieved September 22, 2021. ↩
-
Rosenberg, J. (2018, June 14). MirageFox: APT15 Resurfaces With New Tools Based On Old Ones. Retrieved September 21, 2018. ↩
-
Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017. ↩
-
Platt, J. and Reeves, J.. (2019, March). FIN7 Revisited: Inside Astra Panel and SQLRat Malware. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ↩↩
-
ClearSky Cyber Security. (2021, January). “Lebanese Cedar” APT Global Lebanese Espionage Campaign Leveraging Web Servers. Retrieved February 10, 2021. ↩
-
Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, April 26). GravityRAT - The Two-Year Evolution Of An APT Targeting India. Retrieved May 16, 2018. ↩
-
Cisco Talos. (2021, September 21). TinyTurla - Turla deploys new malware to keep a secret backdoor on victim machines. Retrieved December 2, 2021. ↩
-
Secureworks Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2022, August 17). DarkTortilla Malware Analysis. Retrieved November 3, 2022. ↩
-
Nafisi, R., Lelli, A. (2021, March 4). GoldMax, GoldFinder, and Sibot: Analyzing NOBELIUM’s layered persistence. Retrieved March 8, 2021. ↩
-
Smith, L., Leathery, J., Read, B. (2021, March 4). New SUNSHUTTLE Second-Stage Backdoor Uncovered Targeting U.S.-Based Entity; Possible Connection to UNC2452. Retrieved March 12, 2021. ↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A., et. al.. (2018, December 18). Operation Sharpshooter Campaign Targets Global Defense, Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 14, 2020. ↩
-
Carvey, H.. (2014, September 2). Where you AT?: Indicators of lateral movement using at.exe on Windows 7 systems. Retrieved January 25, 2016. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2018, February 05). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) - 10135536-F. Retrieved June 11, 2018. ↩
-
Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021. ↩↩
-
O’Leary, J., et al. (2017, September 20). Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage: APT33 Targets Aerospace and Energy Sectors and has Ties to Destructive Malware. Retrieved February 15, 2018. ↩
-
Kasza, A. and Reichel, D. (2017, February 27). The Gamaredon Group Toolset Evolution. Retrieved March 1, 2017. ↩↩
-
Symantec. (2022, January 31). Shuckworm Continues Cyber-Espionage Attacks Against Ukraine. Retrieved February 17, 2022. ↩
-
Stama, D.. (2015, February 6). Backdoor.Mivast. Retrieved February 15, 2016. ↩
-
Lambert, T. (2020, January 29). Intro to Netwire. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ↩
-
Proofpoint. (2020, December 2). Geofenced NetWire Campaigns. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ↩
-
FireEye Labs/FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, May 14). Hiding in Plain Sight: FireEye and Microsoft Expose Obfuscation Tactic. Retrieved January 22, 2016. ↩
-
Lee, S.. (2019, May 14). JCry Ransomware. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ↩
-
Check Point. (2021, April 8). Iran’s APT34 Returns with an Updated Arsenal. Retrieved May 5, 2021. ↩
-
Chen, J. and Hsieh, M. (2017, November 7). REDBALDKNIGHT/BRONZE BUTLER’s Daserf Backdoor Now Using Steganography. Retrieved December 27, 2017. ↩
-
Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, October 12). BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ↩↩
-
Harakhavik, Y. (2020, February 3). Warzone: Behind the enemy lines. Retrieved December 17, 2021. ↩
-
Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022. ↩
-
Miller-Osborn, J. and Grunzweig, J.. (2017, March 30). Trochilus and New MoonWind RATs Used In Attack Against Thai Organizations. Retrieved March 30, 2017. ↩↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A. (2018, October 18). ‘Operation Oceansalt’ Attacks South Korea, U.S., and Canada With Source Code From Chinese Hacker Group. Retrieved November 30, 2018. ↩↩
-
Prizmant, D. (2021, June 7). Siloscape: First Known Malware Targeting Windows Containers to Compromise Cloud Environments. Retrieved June 9, 2021. ↩
-
Ilascu, I. (2020, December 14). Hacking group’s new malware abuses Google and Facebook services. Retrieved December 28, 2020. ↩↩
-
Özarslan, S. (2018, December 21). The Christmas Card you never wanted - A new wave of Emotet is back to wreak havoc. Retrieved March 25, 2019. ↩
-
Karmi, D. (2020, January 4). A Look Into Konni 2019 Campaign. Retrieved April 28, 2020. ↩
-
Rascagneres, P. (2017, May 03). KONNI: A Malware Under The Radar For Years. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ↩
-
Threat Intelligence Team. (2021, August 23). New variant of Konni malware used in campaign targetting Russia. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ↩
-
ESET, et al. (2018, January). Diplomats in Eastern Europe bitten by a Turla mosquito. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ↩
-
Palotay, D. and Mackenzie, P. (2018, April). SamSam Ransomware Chooses Its Targets Carefully. Retrieved April 15, 2019. ↩
-
Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman, John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2022. ↩↩
-
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2020, August 26). MAR-10301706-1.v1 - North Korean Remote Access Tool: ECCENTRICBANDWAGON. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ↩
-
Raggi, M. Schwarz, D.. (2019, August 1). LookBack Malware Targets the United States Utilities Sector with Phishing Attacks Impersonating Engineering Licensing Boards. Retrieved February 25, 2021. ↩
-
SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020. ↩
-
Priego, A. (2021, July). THE BROTHERS GRIM: THE REVERSING TALE OF GRIMAGENT MALWARE USED BY RYUK. Retrieved July 16, 2021. ↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R., Malhotra, A. (2018, April 24). Analyzing Operation GhostSecret: Attack Seeks to Steal Data Worldwide. Retrieved May 16, 2018. ↩↩
-
DHS/CISA, Cyber National Mission Force. (2020, October 1). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) MAR-10303705-1.v1 – Remote Access Trojan: SLOTHFULMEDIA. Retrieved October 2, 2020. ↩
-
Llimos, N., Pascual, C.. (2019, February 12). Trickbot Adds Remote Application Credential-Grabbing Capabilities to Its Repertoire. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ↩
-
Alperovitch, D.. (2016, June 15). Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ↩
-
ESET. (2022, March 1). IsaacWiper and HermeticWizard: New wiper and worm targetingUkraine. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ↩↩
-
Financial Security Institute. (2020, February 28). Profiling of TA505 Threat Group That Continues to Attack the Financial Sector. Retrieved July 14, 2022. ↩
-
Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2019, January 18). DarkHydrus delivers new Trojan that can use Google Drive for C2 communications. Retrieved April 17, 2019. ↩
-
Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ↩
-
Ebach, L. (2017, June 22). Analysis Results of Zeus.Variant.Panda. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ↩
-
Falcone, R. and Lee, B.. (2016, May 26). The OilRig Campaign: Attacks on Saudi Arabian Organizations Deliver Helminth Backdoor. Retrieved May 3, 2017. ↩
-
MalwareBytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2022, August 3). Woody RAT: A new feature-rich malware spotted in the wild. Retrieved December 6, 2022. ↩
-
Sancho, D., et al. (2012, May 22). IXESHE An APT Campaign. Retrieved June 7, 2019. ↩
-
Cybereason Nocturnus. (2020, July 16). A BAZAR OF TRICKS: FOLLOWING TEAM9’S DEVELOPMENT CYCLES. Retrieved November 18, 2020. ↩
-
Sadique, M. and Singh, A. (2020, September 29). Spear Phishing Campaign Delivers Buer and Bazar Malware. Retrieved November 19, 2020. ↩
-
Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, June 27). BRONZE UNION Cyberespionage Persists Despite Disclosures. Retrieved July 13, 2017. ↩↩
-
Lee, T., Hanzlik, D., Ahl, I. (2013, August 7). Breaking Down the China Chopper Web Shell - Part I. Retrieved March 27, 2015. ↩
-
The Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC), the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS), the New Zealand National Cyber Security Centre (NZ NCSC), CERT New Zealand, the UK National Cyber Security Centre (UK NCSC) and the US National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC). (2018, October 11). Joint report on publicly available hacking tools. Retrieved March 11, 2019. ↩
-
Yadav, A., et al. (2017, August 31). Cobian RAT – A backdoored RAT. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ↩
-
Grunzweig, J.. (2015, July 14). Unit 42 Technical Analysis: Seaduke. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2017, November 22). Alert (TA17-318B): HIDDEN COBRA – North Korean Trojan: Volgmer. Retrieved December 7, 2017. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2017, November 01). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) - 10135536-D. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ↩
-
Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020. ↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 08). Hidden Cobra Targets Turkish Financial Sector With New Bankshot Implant. Retrieved May 18, 2018. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2017, December 13). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) - 10135536-B. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ↩
-
Hsu, K. et al. (2020, June 24). Lucifer: New Cryptojacking and DDoS Hybrid Malware Exploiting High and Critical Vulnerabilities to Infect Windows Devices. Retrieved November 16, 2020. ↩
-
Cherepanov, A., Lipovsky, R. (2018, October 11). New TeleBots backdoor: First evidence linking Industroyer to NotPetya. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ↩
-
Ash, B., et al. (2018, June 26). RANCOR: Targeted Attacks in South East Asia Using PLAINTEE and DDKONG Malware Families. Retrieved July 2, 2018. ↩↩
-
Hada, H. (2021, December 28). Flagpro The new malware used by BlackTech. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ↩
-
Del Fierro, C. Kessem, L.. (2020, January 8). From Mega to Giga: Cross-Version Comparison of Top MegaCortex Modifications. Retrieved February 15, 2021. ↩
-
F-Secure Labs. (2015, April 22). CozyDuke: Malware Analysis. Retrieved December 10, 2015. ↩
-
Unit 42. (2022, February 25). Spear Phishing Attacks Target Organizations in Ukraine, Payloads Include the Document Stealer OutSteel and the Downloader SaintBot. Retrieved June 9, 2022. ↩↩↩
-
Somerville, L. and Toro, A. (2017, March 30). Playing Cat & Mouse: Introducing the Felismus Malware. Retrieved November 16, 2017. ↩
-
Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, July 30). Sakula Malware Family. Retrieved January 26, 2016. ↩
-
Adam Burgher. (2021, June 10). BackdoorDiplomacy: Upgrading from Quarian to Turian. Retrieved September 1, 2021 ↩
-
Schwarz, D. and Proofpoint Staff. (2019, January 9). ServHelper and FlawedGrace - New malware introduced by TA505. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ↩
-
Vilkomir-Preisman, S. (2019, April 2). New ServHelper Variant Employs Excel 4.0 Macro to Drop Signed Payload. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ↩
-
Hromcová, Z. (2018, June 07). InvisiMole: Surprisingly equipped spyware, undercover since 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2018. ↩
-
Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020. ↩
-
Hayashi, K., Ray, V. (2018, July 31). Bisonal Malware Used in Attacks Against Russia and South Korea. Retrieved August 7, 2018. ↩
-
Zykov, K. (2020, August 13). CactusPete APT group’s updated Bisonal backdoor. Retrieved May 5, 2021. ↩
-
Mercer, W., et al. (2020, March 5). Bisonal: 10 years of play. Retrieved January 26, 2022. ↩
-
Villadsen, O.. (2019, August 29). More_eggs, Anyone? Threat Actor ITG08 Strikes Again. Retrieved September 16, 2019. ↩
-
Porolli, M. (2020, July 9). More evil: A deep look at Evilnum and its toolset. Retrieved January 22, 2021. ↩
-
Kasza, A., Halfpop, T. (2016, February 09). NanoCoreRAT Behind an Increase in Tax-Themed Phishing E-mails. Retrieved November 9, 2018. ↩
-
Patel, K. (2018, March 02). The NanoCore RAT Has Resurfaced From the Sewers. Retrieved November 9, 2018. ↩
-
PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper: Technical Annex. Retrieved April 13, 2017. ↩↩
-
Kayal, A. et al. (2021, October). LYCEUM REBORN: COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ↩
-
Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, February 23). OopsIE! OilRig Uses ThreeDollars to Deliver New Trojan. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ↩↩↩
-
Falcone, R., et al. (2018, September 04). OilRig Targets a Middle Eastern Government and Adds Evasion Techniques to OopsIE. Retrieved September 24, 2018. ↩
-
NCSC GCHQ. (2022, January 27). Small Sieve Malware Analysis Report. Retrieved August 22, 2022. ↩
-
CISA, FBI, DOD. (2021, August). MAR-10292089-1.v2 – Chinese Remote Access Trojan: TAIDOOR. Retrieved August 24, 2021. ↩
-
MSTIC. (2021, May 28). Breaking down NOBELIUM’s latest early-stage toolset. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ↩
-
Bennett, J., Vengerik, B. (2017, June 12). Behind the CARBANAK Backdoor. Retrieved June 11, 2018. ↩
-
CS. (2020, October 7). Duck Hunting with Falcon Complete: A Fowl Banking Trojan Evolves, Part 2. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Kuzmenko, A. et al. (2021, September 2). QakBot technical analysis. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Morrow, D. (2021, April 15). The rise of QakBot. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ↩
-
Zhou, R. (2012, May 15). Backdoor.Wiarp. Retrieved February 22, 2018. ↩
-
Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020. ↩
-
Trend Micro. (2018, November 20). Lazarus Continues Heists, Mounts Attacks on Financial Organizations in Latin America. Retrieved December 3, 2018. ↩
-
Tomonaga, S. (2018, March 6). Malware “TSCookie”. Retrieved May 6, 2020. ↩
-
Check Point Research Team. (2021, August 14). Indra - Hackers Behind Recent Attacks on Iran. Retrieved February 17, 2022. ↩
-
Szappanos, G., Brandt, A.. (2020, May 27). Netwalker ransomware tools give insight into threat actor. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ↩
-
Seals, T. (2021, May 14). FIN7 Backdoor Masquerades as Ethical Hacking Tool. Retrieved February 2, 2022. ↩
-
BI.ZONE Cyber Threats Research Team. (2021, May 13). From pentest to APT attack: cybercriminal group FIN7 disguises its malware as an ethical hacker’s toolkit. Retrieved February 2, 2022. ↩
-
Allievi, A., et al. (2014, October 28). Threat Spotlight: Group 72, Opening the ZxShell. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ↩
-
Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, February 27). A Peek into BRONZE UNION’s Toolbox. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ↩
-
Fraser, N., et al. (2019, August 7). Double DragonAPT41, a dual espionage and cyber crime operation APT41. Retrieved September 23, 2019. ↩↩
-
Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved August 17, 2016. ↩
-
Antenucci, S., Pantazopoulos, N., Sandee, M. (2020, June 23). WastedLocker: A New Ransomware Variant Developed By The Evil Corp Group. Retrieved September 14, 2021. ↩
-
Kujawa, A. (2018, March 27). You dirty RAT! Part 1: DarkComet. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ↩
-
Hanel, A. (2019, January 10). Big Game Hunting with Ryuk: Another Lucrative Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2018, August 09). MAR-10135536-17 – North Korean Trojan: KEYMARBLE. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ↩
-
Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022. ↩
-
Knight, S.. (2020, April 16). VMware Carbon Black TAU Threat Analysis: The Evolution of Lazarus. Retrieved May 1, 2020. ↩
-
Marschalek, M.. (2014, December 16). EvilBunny: Malware Instrumented By Lua. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ↩
-
ClearSky Cyber Security and Trend Micro. (2017, July). Operation Wilted Tulip: Exposing a cyber espionage apparatus. Retrieved August 21, 2017. ↩
-
Shivtarkar, N. and Kumar, A. (2022, June 9). Lyceum .NET DNS Backdoor. Retrieved June 23, 2022. ↩
-
Cylance SPEAR Team. (2017, February 9). Shell Crew Variants Continue to Fly Under Big AV’s Radar. Retrieved February 15, 2017. ↩
-
Carr, N., et al. (2018, August 01). On the Hunt for FIN7: Pursuing an Enigmatic and Evasive Global Criminal Operation. Retrieved August 23, 2018. ↩
-
FireEye. (2018, February 20). APT37 (Reaper): The Overlooked North Korean Actor. Retrieved March 1, 2018. ↩
-
Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, January 16). Korea In The Crosshairs. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ↩
-
Kaspersky Lab’s Global Research & Analysis Team. (2015, August 10). Darkhotel’s attacks in 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2018. ↩
-
An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021. ↩
-
KISA. (n.d.). Phishing Target Reconnaissance and Attack Resource Analysis Operation Muzabi. Retrieved March 7, 2022. ↩
-
Falcone, R. and Lancaster, T. (2019, May 28). Emissary Panda Attacks Middle East Government Sharepoint Servers. Retrieved July 9, 2019. ↩
-
Falcone, R., et al. (2018, August 02). The Gorgon Group: Slithering Between Nation State and Cybercrime. Retrieved August 7, 2018. ↩
-
Hiroaki, H. and Lu, L. (2019, June 12). Shifting Tactics: Breaking Down TA505 Group’s Use of HTML, RATs and Other Techniques in Latest Campaigns. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ↩
-
Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved March 2, 2016. ↩
-
Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016. ↩
-
Pradhan, A. (2022, February 8). LolZarus: Lazarus Group Incorporating Lolbins into Campaigns. Retrieved March 22, 2022. ↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, February 12). Lazarus Resurfaces, Targets Global Banks and Bitcoin Users. Retrieved February 19, 2018. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2018, March 09). Malware Analysis Report (MAR) - 10135536.11.WHITE. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ↩
-
Falcone, R. and Lee, B. (2017, July 27). OilRig Uses ISMDoor Variant; Possibly Linked to Greenbug Threat Group. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ↩↩
-
Falcone, R., Wilhoit, K.. (2018, November 16). Analyzing OilRig’s Ops Tempo from Testing to Weaponization to Delivery. Retrieved April 23, 2019. ↩↩
-
kate. (2020, September 25). APT-C-43 steals Venezuelan military secrets to provide intelligence support for the reactionaries — HpReact campaign. Retrieved November 20, 2020. ↩
-
Jansen, W . (2021, January 12). Abusing cloud services to fly under the radar. Retrieved January 19, 2021. ↩
-
Ehrlich, A., et al. (2022, September). THE MYSTERY OF METADOR | AN UNATTRIBUTED THREAT HIDING IN TELCOS, ISPS, AND UNIVERSITIES. Retrieved January 23, 2023. ↩
-
Boutin, J. (2020, June 11). Gamaredon group grows its game. Retrieved June 16, 2020. ↩
-
CERT-EE. (2021, January 27). Gamaredon Infection: From Dropper to Entry. Retrieved February 17, 2022. ↩
-
Unit 42. (2022, February 3). Russia’s Gamaredon aka Primitive Bear APT Group Actively Targeting Ukraine. Retrieved February 21, 2022. ↩
-
FireEye Threat Intelligence. (2015, December 1). China-based Cyber Threat Group Uses Dropbox for Malware Communications and Targets Hong Kong Media Outlets. Retrieved December 4, 2015. ↩
-
Smallridge, R. (2018, March 10). APT15 is alive and strong: An analysis of RoyalCli and RoyalDNS. Retrieved April 4, 2018. ↩
-
Frankoff, S., Hartley, B. (2018, November 14). Big Game Hunting: The Evolution of INDRIK SPIDER From Dridex Wire Fraud to BitPaymer Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved January 6, 2021. ↩
-
Grunzweig, J., et al. (2016, May 24). New Wekby Attacks Use DNS Requests As Command and Control Mechanism. Retrieved November 15, 2018. ↩
-
Shelmire, A. (2015, July 06). Evasive Maneuvers by the Wekby group with custom ROP-packing and DNS covert channels. Retrieved November 15, 2018. ↩
-
Cymmetria. (2016). Unveiling Patchwork - The Copy-Paste APT. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ↩
-
Meltzer, M, et al. (2018, June 07). Patchwork APT Group Targets US Think Tanks. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ↩
-
Moran, N., et al. (2014, November 21). Operation Double Tap. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ↩
-
Symantec Security Response. (2016, September 6). Buckeye cyberespionage group shifts gaze from US to Hong Kong. Retrieved September 26, 2016. ↩
-
Cybereason Nocturnus. (2019, June 25). Operation Soft Cell: A Worldwide Campaign Against Telecommunications Providers. Retrieved July 18, 2019. ↩
-
Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, June 4). New LNK attack tied to Higaisa APT discovered. Retrieved March 2, 2021. ↩
-
Singh, S. Singh, A. (2020, June 11). The Return on the Higaisa APT. Retrieved March 2, 2021. ↩
-
PT ESC Threat Intelligence. (2020, June 4). COVID-19 and New Year greetings: an investigation into the tools and methods used by the Higaisa group. Retrieved March 2, 2021. ↩
-
DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023. ↩
-
DFIR Report. (2022, March 21). APT35 Automates Initial Access Using ProxyShell. Retrieved May 25, 2022. ↩
-
Lee, B. and Falcone, R. (2017, February 15). Magic Hound Campaign Attacks Saudi Targets. Retrieved December 27, 2017. ↩
-
Skulkin, O.. (2019, January 20). Silence: Dissecting Malicious CHM Files and Performing Forensic Analysis. Retrieved May 24, 2019. ↩
-
GReAT. (2017, November 1). Silence – a new Trojan attacking financial organizations. Retrieved May 24, 2019. ↩
-
Group-IB. (2018, September). Silence: Moving Into the Darkside. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ↩
-
The DFIR Report. (2020, October 8). Ryuk’s Return. Retrieved October 9, 2020. ↩
-
DiMaggio, J. (2016, May 17). Indian organizations targeted in Suckfly attacks. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ↩
-
Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Special Operations Team. (2015, May 28). Living off the Land. Retrieved January 26, 2016. ↩
-
FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ↩
-
Singh, S. and Antil, S. (2020, October 27). APT-31 Leverages COVID-19 Vaccine Theme and Abuses Legitimate Online Services. Retrieved March 24, 2021. ↩
-
Symantec Security Response. (2017, November 7). Sowbug: Cyber espionage group targets South American and Southeast Asian governments. Retrieved November 16, 2017. ↩
-
Eoin Miller. (2021, March 23). Defending Against the Zero Day: Analyzing Attacker Behavior Post-Exploitation of Microsoft Exchange. Retrieved October 27, 2022. ↩
-
Lambert, T. (2020, May 7). Introducing Blue Mockingbird. Retrieved May 26, 2020. ↩
-
Blaich, A., et al. (2018, January 18). Dark Caracal: Cyber-espionage at a Global Scale. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ↩
-
Accenture Security. (2018, April 23). Hogfish Redleaves Campaign. Retrieved July 2, 2018. ↩
-
PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper. Retrieved April 5, 2017. ↩
-
Twi1ight. (2015, July 11). AD-Pentest-Script - wmiexec.vbs. Retrieved June 29, 2017. ↩
-
CISA. (2020, September 15). Iran-Based Threat Actor Exploits VPN Vulnerabilities. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ↩
-
Gorelik, M. (2018, October 08). Cobalt Group 2.0. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ↩↩
-
Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018. ↩
-
Positive Technologies. (2017, August 16). Cobalt Strikes Back: An Evolving Multinational Threat to Finance. Retrieved September 5, 2018. ↩
-
Matveeva, V. (2017, August 15). Secrets of Cobalt. Retrieved October 10, 2018. ↩
-
Unit 42. (2018, October 25). New Techniques to Uncover and Attribute Financial actors Commodity Builders and Infrastructure Revealed. Retrieved December 11, 2018. ↩
-
Giagone, R., Bermejo, L., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, November 20). Cobalt Strikes Again: Spam Runs Use Macros and CVE-2017-8759 Exploit Against Russian Banks. Retrieved March 7, 2019. ↩
-
Wiley, B. et al. (2021, December 29). OverWatch Exposes AQUATIC PANDA in Possession of Log4Shell Exploit Tools During Hands-on Intrusion Attempt. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ↩
-
Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ↩
-
Elovitz, S. & Ahl, I. (2016, August 18). Know Your Enemy: New Financially-Motivated & Spear-Phishing Group. Retrieved February 26, 2018. ↩
-
Martin Zugec. (2021, July 27). Deep Dive Into a FIN8 Attack - A Forensic Investigation. Retrieved September 1, 2021. ↩
-
Duncan, B. (2021, January 7). TA551: Email Attack Campaign Switches from Valak to IcedID. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ↩
-
Symantec DeepSight Adversary Intelligence Team. (2018, December 10). Seedworm: Group Compromises Government Agencies, Oil & Gas, NGOs, Telecoms, and IT Firms. Retrieved December 14, 2018. ↩
-
Cherepanov, A. (2018, October 4). Nomadic Octopus Cyber espionage in Central Asia. Retrieved October 13, 2021. ↩
-
Glyer, C, et al. (2020, March). This Is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved April 28, 2020. ↩
-
AT&T Alien Labs. (2021, September 8). TeamTNT with new campaign aka Chimaera. Retrieved September 22, 2021. ↩
-
Unit 42. (2017, December 15). Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ↩
-
Falcone, R., Lee, B. (2018, November 20). Sofacy Continues Global Attacks and Wheels Out New ‘Cannon’ Trojan. Retrieved November 26, 2018. ↩
-
Accenture Security. (2018, November 29). SNAKEMACKEREL. Retrieved April 15, 2019. ↩
-
Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm’s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021. ↩
-
Anomali Threat Research. (2019, October 7). China-Based APT Mustang Panda Targets Minority Groups, Public and Private Sector Organizations. Retrieved April 12, 2021. ↩
-
Hamzeloofard, S. (2020, January 31). New wave of PlugX targets Hong Kong | Avira Blog. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ↩
-
McKeague, B. et al. (2019, April 5). Pick-Six: Intercepting a FIN6 Intrusion, an Actor Recently Tied to Ryuk and LockerGoga Ransomware. Retrieved April 17, 2019. ↩
-
US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018. ↩
-
Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019. ↩
-
Symantec DeepSight Adversary Intelligence Team. (2019, June 20). Waterbug: Espionage Group Rolls Out Brand-New Toolset in Attacks Against Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2019. ↩
-
FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, June 16). FIN10: Anatomy of a Cyber Extortion Operation. Retrieved June 25, 2017. ↩
-
Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, May 4). Operation CuckooBees: Deep-Dive into Stealthy Winnti Techniques. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ↩
-
Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020. ↩
-
MSTIC. (2020, December 18). Analyzing Solorigate, the compromised DLL file that started a sophisticated cyberattack, and how Microsoft Defender helps protect customers . Retrieved January 5, 2021. ↩
-
Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 02). McAfee Uncovers Operation Honeybee, a Malicious Document Campaign Targeting Humanitarian Aid Groups. Retrieved May 16, 2018. ↩
-
Breitenbacher, D and Osis, K. (2020, June 17). OPERATION IN(TER)CEPTION: Targeted Attacks Against European Aerospace and Military Companies. Retrieved December 20, 2021. ↩
-
Cashman, M. (2020, July 29). Operation North Star Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021. ↩
-
Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020. ↩
-
Joe Slowik. (2018, October 12). Anatomy of an Attack: Detecting and Defeating CRASHOVERRIDE. Retrieved December 18, 2020. ↩
-
Adamitis, D. et al. (2019, June 4). It’s alive: Threat actors cobble together open-source pieces into monstrous Frankenstein campaign. Retrieved May 11, 2020. ↩